The role of reinforcement in gender development
- Social learning theory states that feminine and masculine behaviour is learned by observation and imitation of same-sex role models and through reinforcement for gender-appropriate behaviour
- Direct learning happens when the child themselves receives positive reinforcement for their gender-appropriate behaviour - ‘what a good boy you are to help Dad in the garden!’
- Direct learning takes place if the child is aware that disapproval from the parent has been withdrawn when they begin to act in line with their gender
- Direct learning also takes place if the child is punished for gender-inappropriate behaviour they have engaged in - ‘as you keep playing with your mother’s lipstick, I won’t take you to the football match - boys don’t wear lipstick.’
- Indirect learning takes place when the boy or girl observes another person gaining praise for gender-appropriate behaviour or punishment for gender-inappropriate behaviour
- The behaviour is learnt through vicarious reinforcement , as behaviour for which another is praised is likely to be learned by the child observing this, while behaviour that is punished is likely not to be performed by the observer
- It is through different forms of reinforcement from those close to them (especially role models) that a child learns their gender identity directly and indirectly
Time with a parent can provide direct reinforcement for learning.