Milgram's Research
- Stanley Milgram sought an answer to the question of why such a high proportion of the German population obeyed Hitler's commands to murder over 6 million Jews as well as 5 million Romani, homosexuals, Poles and other social groups during the Second World War
- Milgram thought that one possible explanation was that Germans were different from other people in other countries, perhaps being more obedient (known as a dispositional explanation of obedience)
Milgram's procedure (1963)
- 40 American men volunteered to take part in Milgram's study at Yale University, supposedly on memory
- When each volunteer arrived to take part, they were introduced to another participant (who was a confederate to Milgram)
- The two participants drew lots to see who would be the 'Teacher' (T) and who would be the 'Learner' (L)
- The draw was fixed, so the genuine participant was always the teacher and the confederate the learner
- An Experimenter (E) was also involved, who was also a confederate and was dressed in a grey lab coat
- One participant, the confederate, was asked to learn a set of word pairs and the teacher would test his knowledge
- They were placed in adjacent rooms and the teacher was positioned in front of a set of controls to administer electric shocks to the learner
- The teacher was instructed to punish the learner with a shock after each incorrect he gave
- When the teacher displayed a reluctance to injure the learner, they were encouraged to continue the procedure
Milgram's results (1963)
- 65% of participants went all the way up to 450 volts ('danger - severe shock')
- 100% of participants went up to 300 volts ('intense shock')
- Many of the participants showed signs of emotional distress e.g. shaking, sweating, groaning, seizures
Milgram's conclusion (1963)
- Under the right conditions (e.g. the presence of a legitimate authority; the agentic state) people will commit acts of destructive obedience towards someone they have just met
- Situational factors may explain destructive obedience
Exam Tip
The exam specification focuses on the findings and conclusions of Milgram's research, however, you must ensure you know the procedure of Milgram's research to enable you to answer the questions fully.
This also allows you to show your understanding of the relevance of the research.
Evaluation
Research support (Beauvoir et al 2012)
- A French documentary focused on a game show, where participants thought they were contestants in a pilot episode for a new show called Le Jeu De La Mort (The Game of Death)
- Participants were paid to give electric shocks ordered by the presenter to other participants in front of a studio audience
- The participants who were the receiving the shocks were actors and the shocks were fake
- 80% of the participants delivered the maximum shock of 460 volts to what appeared to be an unconscious man
- Participants' behaviour was nearly identical to that of Milgram's participants, they showed signs of anxiety, nervous laughter and nail-biting
- This supports Milgram's original findings of obedience to authority
Low internal validity
- Martin Orne and Charles Holland (1968) argued that participants were play-acting as they didn't believe the setup was real
- Gina Perry (2013) listened to tapes of Milgram's participants and reported that only around half of them believed the shocks were real and that two-thirds of them were disobedient
- This suggests that participants may have been responding to demand characteristics
- However, Charles Sheridan and Richard King (1972) conducted a study using a procedure similar to Milgram's
- Their participants gave real shocks to a puppy in response to orders received from the experimenter
- Despite the real distress of the animal, 54% of male and 100% of female participants delivered what they believed to be the fatal shock
- This supports Milgram's study and showed genuine results as people behaved obediently, even when the shocks were real
Ethical issues
- Participants were deceived in multiple ways:
- Participants thought the allocation of roles of both Teacher and Learner was random but they were not as Milgram's confederate was always the learner
- Participants believed the electric shocks were real
- Milgram debriefed the participants afterward to ensure they understood the real intentions of the experiment