Trends in Urbanisation (Edexcel IGCSE Geography)

• Urbanisation is the process by which an increasing percentage of a country's population comes to live in towns and cities
• Urban settlements differ from rural ones in terms of:
  • Way of life: faster-paced
  • Size: larger
  • Density of buildings and people: compact and high
  • Economy and employment: finance, service, and manufacturing 
• Urbanisation varies across the globe
• Developed countries show the highest levels of urbanisation
• The lowest levels of urbanisation are in Africa and Southeast Asia
• More people now live in towns and cities than in rural areas
• The world population doubled between 1950 and 2015, but the urban population more than trebled due to:
  • The decline of industry in developed countries as the industries moved overseas to emerging countries (cheaper workforce, incentives, tax breaks, etc)
  • This led to industrial growth in emerging countries and 'pulled' people from rural regions to urban areas with the hope of a better life and employment
• High rates of urbanisation occur in developing countries because:
  • Most new economic development is concentrated in the big cities
  • Push-pull factors lead to high rates of rural-to-urban migration
  • Cities are experiencing higher levels of natural increase in population

• Rates of urbanisation are lower in developed countries as a high percentage of the population already live in towns and cities
• In 1900, there were just 2 'millionaire'' cities (London and Paris), by 2018 this had grown to 512
• As the growth of cities continues, the term megacity is used to describe cities with more than 10 million people:
  • In 1970, there were only 4
  • By 2000, there were 15
  • In 2018, that rose to 33, with the Greater Tokyo metropolitan area having close to 37.3 million people
• Due to modern transport and communication, urban areas are spreading into rural regions in what is termed rural dilution

Causes of rapid urban growth

• Natural increase
  
  • Accounts for roughly 60% of urban population growth
  • Due to decreased death rates and higher birth rates
• Urban pull factors
  • Higher wages
  • Pace and excitement
  • Improved education and healthcare
  • Better job opportunities
  • Public utilities: water, gas, electricity, etc.
  • Government support
• Rural-urban migration
  • Accounts for 40% of urban growth
  • Due to rural push factors along with urban pull factors
• Rural push factors
  
  • Limited healthcare and education
  • Mechanisation of farming
  • Lack of opportunities
  • Lack of government support or investment 
  • Harsh and monotonous lifestyle 

Urbanisation pathway

• The differences between developed and developing countries can be shown as a pathway over time 
• Countries become more urban as they develop economically
• As they move through the stages, the pace begins to slow and begins to flatten out or decline as counter-urbanisation gains speed

Urbanisation pathway

Urban process timeline

Urban process timeline

• Urban settlements first appear as a result of agglomeration:
  • People gather together in one area to sell goods and live
  • Small trading posts and villages begin to develop
• As towns grow, they expand outwards by a process known as suburbanisation:
  • This adds to the built up area, but the building densities are generally lower than in the older parts of the town
  • The new suburbs are made up of mostly houses but also include places of employment and services
• Urban settlements continue to prosper and grow, people move out of the town or city altogether and commute to work:
  • These are called dormitory settlements because many residents only sleep there. 
  • They continue to have links with the town or city they have left
  • They still make use of urban services, shops, education, and healthcare

Counter-urbanisation

• This is the movement of people from an urban area into the surrounding rural region. Causes include:
• • Mobility and accessibility: higher personal car ownership, increase in public transport and road development making easier access to rural areas
  • Increased wealth: making housing and travel more affordable
  • Agricultural decline (mechanisation and merger of farms): more land becomes available for housing and agricultural workers leave the area
  • Green belt: people need to go further out to get the rural life they are looking for
  • Second homes and early retirement: have increased the movement of people from the city to the countryside

Urban regeneration and re-imagining

• Urban regeneration and urban re-imaging are different

• Urban regeneration is the investment of capital in the revival of old urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding
  • Over time, older parts of urban areas would begin to suffer a decline
  • Factories would move elsewhere, resulting in job loss
  • As the quality of life and housing becomes poorer, people move away
  • Urban blight sets in
  • The area needs to be 'brought back to life' = urban regeneration
• Urban re-imaging is changing the image and reputation of an urban area and the way people view it
  • Focusing on a new identity or function
  • Changing the quality and appearance of the built-up area
  • Good opportunity for brownfield site development
  • London Docklands was completely redeveloped and regenerated
  • London Docklands had new industries, more executive services, homes, entertainment, and leisure, making it the new 'cool' place to be
• Together, urban regeneration and urban re-imaging = rebranding