Government Spending (Edexcel IGCSE Business)

• The government of each country sets the corporation and income tax rates every year
  • If tax rates fall, then customers will have more money available to spend on goods or services
  • If tax rates rise,  then customers will have less money available to spend on goods or services
  • If tax rates fall, then businesses will have more money available to invest, increase their product range, or hire new workers
  • If tax rates rise, then businesses will have less money available to invest, increase their product range, or hire new workers
    
    
• The government also decides how much money will be spent in the economy during the financial year
  • Many businesses benefit from government supply contracts
    • Pharmaceutical manufacturers sell drugs and medical equipment to public hospitals and other health providers
    • Construction companies are contracted to build infrastructure such as roads, schools and public buildings
    • Publicly-owned plant and equipment, such as trains and ambulances, are produced by manufacturers in the private sector
       
• If government spending falls, then businesses will have less demand for their goods or services, and their profit may fall
• If government spending rises, then businesses will have more demand for their goods or services, and their profit may rise

• Tax revenue is raised to fund public spending

• Rates of taxation are set by national or regional governments

• These decisions are sometimes considered to be politically-motivated

  • E.g. The reduction of income tax prior to an election could persuade voters with more disposable income to back the existing government

• Tax revenue can be raised from a variety of sources

Diagram: Common Sources of Tax Revenue

Tax revenue can be raised from a range of sources, including company profits, workers' income, sales, imports and excise duties

Sources of Tax Revenue

Tax on company profits

• Sometimes known as corporation tax
• A proportion of profit is paid by private limited companies and public limited companies
• The rate of corporation tax varies from country to country

Income tax

• Paid by workers based on their earnings
  • Employers usually deduct this tax before distributing earnings to workers
  • In most countries, workers earn a minimal amount before income tax is deducted
    • E.g. The first $12,000 of income may not be taxed at all, but any income beyond that has progressively higher levels of taxation attached

Sales tax

• Applied to purchases of certain goods, e.g. VAT or GST
  • Higher rates are often applied to luxury goods and services
  • Different rates can be applied to encourage or discourage spending behaviour
    
    • E.g. The rate of GST in Singapore is 9%

Import tax

• Applied to products purchased overseas
  • Free trade agreements often involve the removal of these taxes to minimise trade barriers
    

Excise tax

• Applied to some manufactured products such as alcohol, tobacco and fuel
  
  • In the UK, excise tax of approximately £0.53 is charged on each litre of unleaded petrol

Tax Revenue Statistics in 2023

• Governments spend the tax revenue they have collected to provide a range of public services, such as
  • Education: including schools, colleges and universities
  • Healthcare: including hospitals, public health programmes, doctors and dentists
  • Emergency services: including police, paramedics, the fire service and coastguard
  • Judicial systems: including courts and prisons
  • Defence: including the armed forces and border controls
    
    
• Tax revenue also funds social security, such as state pensions and  unemployment benefits
   
• Some governments use tax revenue to provide grants that encourage certain behaviours
  • Homeowners may receive funding to improve insulation or install environmentally friendly heating systems
    
    

Diagram: 2023 Government Spending in Australia

In 2023, the Australian government's largest spending priorities were health and education

Source: Australian Treasury 

Government spending and business

• The Australian government's spending on health, housing and education helps to ensure that its citizens are capable of being productive contributors to the economy. entrepreneurs or productive employees
• Spending on the judiciary and emergency services ensures the country's stability so that it remains safe and secure for businesses to operate effectively and consumers have confidence to spend money in the economy
• Spending on transportation allows for businesses to move goods around, into and out of the country
  • It also provides workers with flexibility to commute and access jobs across the country