Eden Rock (AQA GCSE English Literature)

Revision Note

Author

Each poetry anthology at GCSE contains 15 poems, and in your exam question you will be given one poem - printed in full - and asked to compare this printed poem to another. As this is a closed-book exam, you will not have access to the second poem, so you will have to know it from memory. Fifteen poems is a lot to revise. However, understanding four things will enable you to produce a top-grade response:

The meaning of the poem
The ideas and messages of the poet
How the poet conveys these ideas through their methods
How these ideas compare and contrast with the ideas of other poets in the anthology

Below is a guide to Charles Causley’s Eden Rock, from the Love and Relationships anthology. It includes:

Overview: a breakdown of the poem, including its possible meanings and interpretations
Writer’s Methods: an exploration of the poet’s techniques and methods
Context: an exploration of the context of the poem, relevant to its themes
What to compare it to: ideas about which poems to compare it to in the exam

Overview

In order to answer an essay question on any poem it is vital that you understand what it is about. This section includes:

The poem in a nutshell
A ‘translation’ of the poem, section-by-section
A commentary of each of these sections, outlining Charles Causley’s intention and message

Eden Rock in a nutshell

Eden Rock, written by the poet Charles Causley, describes a vivid memory from the speaker’s childhood. The speaker emotionally describes his parents during a picnic. The poem’s ending suggests a remaining distance between the speaker and their parents.

Eden Rock overview

Lines 1

“They are waiting for me somewhere beyond Eden Rock:”

Translation

The poem’s speaker tells the readers his parents are waiting for him, although the reader is not yet aware he is referring to them
He mentions the name of the place where they wait

Causley’s intention

Causley begins his poem with an ambiguous reference to the distance between him and his parents

He creates a detached tone which emphasises the distance implied in “somewhere beyond”
He refers to them impersonally as “they”

Lines 2-4

“My father, twenty-five, in the same suit

Of Genuine Irish Tweed, his terrier Jack

Still two years old and trembling at his feet.”

Translation

The speaker describes his father when he was younger

Causley’s intention

Causley presents a vivid description of the speaker’s father to show the power of the memory

The reference to the little dog “trembling at his feet” shows him as protective and perhaps respected

Lines 5-7

“My mother, twenty-three, in a sprigged dress

Drawn at the waist, ribbon in her straw hat,

Has spread the stiff white cloth over the grass.”

Translation

The speaker now describes his mother, also in the past:

Causley’s Intention

His descriptions of her are vivid and show her as wholesome

Line 8

“Her hair, the colour of wheat, takes on the light.”

Translation

Here, the speaker ends the stanza with a description of his mother as bright and shining in the sun

Causley’s intention

Causley’s speaker seems mesmerised by his vivid memory of his mother

The memory of his mother is powerful: she seems virtuous, almost angelic

Lines 9-12

“She pours tea from a Thermos, the milk straight

From an old H.P. sauce-bottle, a screw

Of paper for a cork; slowly sets out

The same three plates, the tin cups painted blue.”

Translation

The detailed observational narration continues as the speaker describes his mother’s actions on the picnic

Causley’s intention

Causley represents the picnic as familiar, implying it was a normal and habitual part of their lives

He mentions the “same three plates” and the prepared milk in the sauce bottle
The speaker’s vivid memory is personal and intimate

Lines 13-14

“The sky whitens as if lit by three suns.

My mother shades her eyes and looks my way”

Translation

The speaker describes the brightness of the sun
He remembers his mother looking at him

Causley’s intention

Causley uses imagery to present his vision as surreal

The supernatural quality of the white sky and “three suns” could present the hallucinatory nature of the memory
This could also represent the family (his parents and him as a child)

Causley shows the speaker’s powerful memories in close, detailed observation

Lines 15-16

“Over the drifted stream. My father spins

A stone along the water. Leisurely,”

Translation

The speaker describes his father’s actions now

Causley’s intention

Causley presents the speaker’s memories as peaceful

His father is presented as a calm and capable figure

Lines 17-19

“They beckon to me from the other bank.

I hear them call, ‘See where the stream-path is!

Crossing is not as hard as you might think.’”

Translation

The speaker seems to hear his parents speaking from the past

They appear to be offering guidance and reassurance for him to join them

Causley’s intention

Here, Causley implies the speaker seems stuck between the past and the present as he needs to ‘cross the stream’ to get to them

He refers to them impersonally to imply distance

Lines 20

“I had not thought that it would be like this.”

Translation

The speaker’s statement at the end of the poem expresses strong emotion

He feels the separation in a way he had not expected

Causley’s intention

Causley’s ending clearly asserts his surprise at the reality of losing his parents
However, there is also an ambiguous meaning to these lines as the reader is not told exactly what he feels

Exam Tip

Your exam question will ask you to compare how poets present ideas about love and/or relationships in the poem given to you on the exam paper and one other from the Love and Relationships anthology. It is therefore a good idea to begin your answer using the wording of the question and summarising what the poem tells us about the nature of love or relationships. This demonstrates that you have understood the poem and the poet’s intention. For example, “Charles Causley presents ideas about distance within family relationships. Similar themes can be found in…”

Writer’s Methods

Although this section is organised into three separate sections - form, structure and language - it is always best to move from what the poet is presenting (the techniques they use; the overall form of the poem; what comes at the beginning, middle and end of a poem) to how and why they have made the choices they have.

Focusing on the poet’s overarching ideas, rather than individual poetic techniques, will gain you far more marks. Crucially, in the below sections, all analysis is arranged by theme, and includes Charles Causley’s intentions behind his choices in terms of:

Form
Structure
Language

Exam Tip

The last thing examiners want to see is what they call “technique spotting”. This is when students use overly sophisticated terminology unnecessarily (“polysyndeton”; “epanalepsis”), without explaining their analysis.

Knowing the names of sophisticated techniques will not gain you any more marks, especially if these techniques are only “spotted” and the poet’s intentions for this language is not explained. Instead of technique spotting, focus your analysis on the reasons why the poet is presenting their ideas in the way that they do: what is their message? What ideas are they presenting, or challenging?

Form

Charles Causley’s poem presents a speaker caught between the present and the past in a vivid memory of his childhood. However, the poet represents the distance his speaker feels from his parents by using a detached narration.

Theme	Evidence	Poet’s intention
Distance in family relationships	The first-person speaker remembers, in detail, a day from his past, using present-tense verbs which immerse him in the memory	Causely presents a powerful and vivid memory from the speaker’s childhood to show its significance in his life
	The poet’s speaker refers to his parents in third-person: “They are waiting”, “they beckon” and “they call”	This creates a detached tone, which represents the distance the speaker feels from his parents and his past: he hears them but he cannot reach them or communicate with them
	Charles Causley combines a personal memory with a narration to show the frustration the speaker feels due to the separation from his parents with whom he shared a close bond

Structure

The poem presents the speaker’s nostalgic memories of a simple family day out with his parents. However, the poem comments on acceptance when missing and longing for loved ones by presenting the speaker’s changing emotions as he returns from a daydream back to reality.

Theme	Evidence	Poet’s intention
Longing and acceptance	The poem mostly follows a regular structure of quatrains as the speaker remembers his parents He is calm when he is with them A regular structure and enjambment represent the speaker’s immersion in his memory	His tone is sentimental as he remembers and he implies his parents brought him comfort
	The regular structure is broken at the end A stanza of three lines depicts the parents calling to the speaker to join them The final line is separate and isolated from the rest of the poem	The speaker’s tone changes when the parents call out to him He is asked to join his parents, possibly in the after-life This returns him to reality, where is alone with unresolved feelings of longing
	Charles Causley depicts a speaker taking comfort from his memory of his parents and his childhood, however, ultimately, he finds it hard to accept the separation and is left longing for his parents

Language

Charles Causley uses natural imagery to depict the speaker’s memory of his parents as wholesome and pure. Simplistic language works alongside surreal imagery to show the hallucinatory nature of the speaker remembering an ordinary family picnic.

Theme	Evidence	Poet’s intention
Nostalgia	The poet highlights the ordinariness of the event in the memory with simple imagery described in close detail “Slowly sets out the same three plates, the tin cups painted blue.”	The detailed descriptions suggest the powerful impact of such a simple event to show the speaker’s nostalgia regarding his parents
	The speaker’s mother is described with natural and sensory imagery: “Has spread the stiff white cloth over the grass./Her hair, the colour of wheat, takes on the light.”	Here, the speaker uses sibilance and alliteration within the imagery to highlight the description of the mother as virtuous and pure
	However, as the poem draws to a close, Causley shifts the mood and evokes a strange, less natural image as the “sky whitens as if lit by three suns.”	Causley alludes to the hallucinatory nature of the speaker’s memory as he begins to hear his parents call and sees a bright and surreal light
	Charles Causley presents the difference between the speaker’s comforting memory of his childhood, which he is drawn into, and the reality of his present: his adulthood without them

Exam Tip

Try not to separate “language”, “form” and “structure” into three separate elements you need to include in your answer. To achieve top marks, you need to include an integrated comparison of the themes and ideas in this and the other poems in the anthology, and focus on the relevance of the method used by the poet to the ideas in the poem(s).

This means it is better to structure your answer around an exploration of the ideas and themes in the poems, commenting on elements of language, form or structure that contribute to the presentation of these themes, rather than simply listing all of the key methods you think should be covered when writing about poetry (with no analysis or exploration of their relevance to the themes and ideas). Stay focused on the task, and then choose your comments based on the focus of the question.

Context

Examiners repeatedly state that context should not be considered as additional factual information: in this case, it is not random biographical information about Charles Causley or Cornwall which is unrelated to the ideas in Eden Rock. The best way to understand context is as the ideas and perspectives explored by Charles Causely in Eden Rock which relate to family love and relationships. This section has therefore been divided into two relevant themes that Causely explores:

Family relationships

Charles Causely’s poem describes the strong and intimate bond between a child and parent as natural and pure
- The natural descriptions of a simple, ordinary picnic presents family as a natural bond
- Causely grew up in Cornwall and many of his poems are set in natural landscapes which present his childhood as idyllic
  - He refers to his mother with natural imagery: “Her hair, the colour of wheat, takes on the light.”
- The name of the poem alludes to the Garden of Paradise
  - Causely explains that the place is fictional, yet the title could suggest the family relationship is innocent and pure

Distance and longing

Eden Rock presents distance between parents and a child by alluding to the afterlife

The memory is of his parents in their twenties, stuck in that moment
Causely lost his father when he was young
The poem’s hallucinatory quality as the “sky whitens as if lit by three suns” creates an ethereal mood
The parents call him from beyond, guiding him to be with them on the “other bank”, alluding to the afterlife

The poem can be seen as an elegy to his parents

The stream he describes could allude to the metaphorical use of rivers to symbolise transitions from life to death
He describes them as virtuous and steadfast

Exam Tip

Remember, AO3 is only worth up to 6 marks in this question. You will be expected to demonstrate your understanding of the relationship between the poem and the context in which it was written in an integrated way, throughout your answer. It is therefore important to focus on the key themes, and have a thorough knowledge of the cluster of poems.

Context comes from the key word in the task, so your answer should emphasise the key themes of the effects of desire and love. Writing a whole paragraph about Charles Causely’s childhood is not an integrated approach, and will not achieve high marks.

What to compare it to

The essay you are required to write in your exam is a comparison of the ideas and themes explored in two of your anthology poems. It is therefore essential that you revise the poems together, in pairs, to understand how each poet presents ideas about love or relationships, in comparison to other poets in the anthology. Given that Eden Rock explores the ideas of family relationships and separation, the following comparisons are the most appropriate:

For each pair of poems, you will find:

The comparison in a nutshell
Similarities between the ideas presented in each poem
Differences between the ideas presented in each poem
Evidence and analysis of these similarities and differences

Exam Tip

You will be expected to not only explore this poem in depth, but make perceptive comparisons to themes, language, form and structure used in other poems in the anthology that also comment on family relationships, love and distance. It is therefore important that you have a thorough knowledge of all of the poems, rather than just memorising a series of quotations. It is also essential that you not only write about the named poem, but compare it to one other in the anthology. Only writing about the poem given on the paper will severely limit your marks.

Eden Rock and Follower

Comparison in a nutshell:

Both Charles Causely’s Eden Rock and Seamus Heaney’s Follower present male speakers with positive memories of their parents which show their influence and significance in their son’s lives. While Causely’s poem deals with unresolved separation from absent parents, Heaney’s poem discusses the shifting roles within family relationships and a need for independence.

Similarities:

Topic sentence	Both poems describe their parents with admiration and love
Evidence and analysis	Eden Rock	Follower
	Charles Causely’s first-person speaker describes a vivid memory of a picnic with his parents Enjambment creates a calm and nostalgic tone which presents the memory as comforting The regular structure shows the stabling influence of his parents	Similarly, Heaney’s speaker describes his positive reflections of a day with his father when he was young, using enjambment and regular quatrains to create a sentimental tone
	The speaker describes his parents as he remembers them as a child He describes his mother in a “sprigged dress” and spreading a “stiff white cloth”, which implies her purity He describes his father in “Genuine Irish Tweed” with a small “trembling” dog at his feet	Heaney’s speaker also describes his father with imagery presenting him as in control and respected His shoulders “globed like a full sail strung” with a horse straining at his “clicking tongue”
	The speaker’s perspective of his parents as reassuring and guiding is shown in their communication to him despite their distance: “'See where the stream-path is!/Crossing is not as hard as you might think.'”	Heaney’s speaker describes his father offering him advice and stability He “follows in his broad shadow” as his father is “an expert”
	Causely and Heaney both pay tribute to their parents’ role in their development and present their parents as stabilising and guiding factors in their lives

Similarities:

Topic sentence	Both poets illustrate simple childhood memories which are powerfully vivid
Evidence and analysis	Eden Rock	Follower
	Causely uses sensory language to present the immersion and vivid recollection of the speaker The mother is described as bright in the sun:“Her hair, the colour of wheat, takes on the light” as she sets out “blue tin cups” The sibilance of the father as he “spins a stone” evokes strong imagery	Heaney’s speaker, similarly, presents the memory in evocative sensory description The “sweating team” work with “The bright steel-pointed sock” and the “polished sod”
	The ordinariness of the picnic is represented with natural imagery: “She pours tea from a Thermos” , sets out the “same three plates” and uses a sauce bottle for the milk, which suggests this is a familiar family outing	Heaney, too, remembers a simple and typical day with his father The auxiliary verb ‘would’ in “He would set the wing” implies this was a habitual activity He explains this was a regular day: “Sometimes he rode me on his back”
	The speaker’s imagination is powerful as he hears his parents calling to him and his memory brings surreal images to his mind The “sky whitens” with “three suns” representing the speaker’s dream-like state The reference to the three suns could allude to an unbreakable family unit	The speaker, here, alludes to the power of the memory of his father as describes the actions of his father He imagines how he would “close one eye, stiffen my arm” like his father and how he “stumbled in his wake”
	Causely and Heaney present the influence of seemingly insignificant moments in their childhoods which have a lasting impact on the speakers

Similarities:

Topic sentence	Both poets illustrate simple childhood memories which are powerfully vivid
Evidence and analysis	Eden Rock	Follower
	Causely uses sensory language to present the immersion and vivid recollection of the speaker The mother is described as bright in the sun:“Her hair, the colour of wheat, takes on the light” as she sets out “blue tin cups” The sibilance of the father as he “spins a stone” evokes strong imagery	Heaney’s speaker, similarly, presents the memory in evocative sensory description The “sweating team” work with “The bright steel-pointed sock” and the “polished sod”
	The ordinariness of the picnic is represented with natural imagery: “She pours tea from a Thermos” , sets out the “same three plates” and uses a sauce bottle for the milk, which suggests this is a familiar family outing	Heaney, too, remembers a simple and typical day with his father The auxiliary verb ‘would’ in “He would set the wing” implies this was a habitual activity He explains this was a regular day: “Sometimes he rode me on his back”
	The speaker’s imagination is powerful as he hears his parents calling to him and his memory brings surreal images to his mind The “sky whitens” with “three suns” representing the speaker’s dream-like state The reference to the three suns could allude to an unbreakable family unit	The speaker, here, alludes to the power of the memory of his father as describes the actions of his father He imagines how he would “close one eye, stiffen my arm” like his father and how he “stumbled in his wake”
	Causely and Heaney present the influence of seemingly insignificant moments in their childhoods which have a lasting impact on the speakers

Differences:

Topic sentence	While Charles Causely’s poem ends with a speaker unable to accept the distance between he and his parents, Seamus Heaney’s poem ends with a speaker who wishes for independence
Evidence and analysis	Eden Rock	Follower
	The speaker’s unresolved longing for his parents presents a speaker who is caught in the past The poem ends with a single line, separated from the rest of the poem to show the speaker’s return to reality He is surprised at the emotions the separation from his parents still brings: “I had not thought that it would be like this.”	In Follower, the speaker returns from his reflections of his father with a sense of frustration that his father “will not go away” The speaker describes the shifting role from child to adult as his father ages: “It is my father who keeps stumbling/Behind me” However, he acknowledges he was the “nuisance” when he was young
	The speaker remembers a specific memory of his parents as young adults, which suggests he sees them like that still, as they once were	The speaker remembers his father as a younger man, yet is able to see him differently now he is older as he is still with him
	Both poets present positive childhood memories, however while Causely depicts a more idealised version of the speaker’s parents, Heaney shows a speaker who is more aware of the changing nature of his father

Exam Tip

It is a good idea to outline your choice of second poem in your introduction to your response, with a clear overview of the overarching themes within both poems. You can then use the theme to move between both poems to provide the substance to illustrate your arguments. However, this does not mean that you cannot focus on one poem first, and then the other, linking ideas back to the main poem. You should choose whichever structure suits you best, as long as comparison is embedded and ideas for both texts are well-developed.

Eden Rock and Mother Any Distance

Comparison in a nutshell:

This is an effective comparative choice to explore separation in family relationships. Both Charles Causely’s Eden Rock and Simon Armitage’s Mother Any Distance deal with complex dynamics of intimacy and independence between a parent and child which are depicted through vivid anecdotes.

Similarities:

Topic sentence	Both poems present speakers who express their admiration for, and feel reassurance from, their supportive parents
Evidence and analysis	Eden Rock	Mother Any Distance
	Causely’s poem focuses on the emotional significance of an ordinary picnic The imagery is simple and personal: a Thermos and an HP sauce bottle Despite the simplicity of the day, he remembers it in detail with bright sensory language: “Her hair, the colour of wheat, takes on the light.”	Similarly, Armitage’s poem explores the emotional impact of a normal event - a parent helping their child move and measuring the rooms He uses a semantic field of furniture, such as “pelmets”, “windows”, “floors” and “spool of tape” Armitage uses imagery too: “the prairies of the floors”
	Charles Causely’s speaker describes in close detail the actions his parents take which present them as calm and stable He says his “father spins a stone” and his mother “slowly sets out” the plates They guide him: “I hear them call, 'See where the stream-path is!/Crossing is not as hard as you might think.'”	Armitage, too, describes his mother’s calm and guiding actions: “requires a second pair of hands./You come to help me”
	The speakers both explore feelings of separation from parents by reflecting on impactful, yet ordinary events during which their parents provided them with support and comfort

Similarities:

Topic sentence	Both poems present speakers who express painful and confusing feelings about the distance between parent and child
Evidence and analysis	Eden Rock	Mother Any Distance
	Causely’s speaker is confused by the vision of his parents calling him from the afterlife and wishes he could be with them As they call him, the poem returns to reality with an isolated line The final line implies the speaker feels confused: “I had not thought that it would be like this.”	Armitage’s speaker, too, seems confused about whether to be with his parents or become independent He uses metaphor to contrast the support and freedom each brings: “unreeling/years between us. Anchor. Kite.” He ends his poem still unsure whether to “to fall or fly”
	Causely’s speaker presents a nostalgic tone regarding his parents through the flowing rhythm of enjambment, however at points the speaker’s voice is broken with caesurae to represent the painful emotions and thoughts	Similarly, Armitage’s speaker mixes reflective enjambment with poignant pauses created by caesurae to reflect his mixed emotions
	Both poems explore the strong pull of parental love through speakers who find it difficult to let go

Differences:

Topic sentence	While Charles Causely’s poem shows family relationships which have been separated by death, Simon Armitage’s poem depicts separation as a result of growing up
Evidence and analysis	Eden Rock	Mother Any Distance
	Causely’s poem presents the speaker’s parents in the past as young adults; his view of them is idealised as it is stuck in a distant memory: “My father, twenty-five, in the same suit/Of Genuine Irish Tweed”	Armitage, however, has a speaker who describes the relationship as possessive in present-tense verbs : “your fingertips still pinch”
	The poem shows the distance between the speaker and his parents as persistently difficult The speaker refers to his parents as calling from “the other bank” His desire to be with them is strong and they seem to suggest that “Crossing is not as hard as you might think.'”	However, Armitage shows a parent and child together realising the necessity of leaving His present dependence on his parent is described as a “breaking point” “where something has to give” The speaker uses a metaphor to show his desire for independence and freedom: “I reach/towards a hatch that opens on an endless sky”
	Both poems discuss family love, however Causely’s speaker finds it hard to let go of his childhood bond with his parents, whereas Armitage’s speaker reflects on their changing relationship as they become an adult themselves

Eden Rock and Before You Were Mine

Comparison in a nutshell:

Both Charles Causely’s poem Eden Rock and Carol Ann Duffy’s poem Before You Were Mine present reflections about parents in their younger years through speakers who mourn their absence. However, Causely’s poem considers this with a detached memory, while Duffy’s poem explores family love in an intimate conversation with a parent.

Similarities:

Topic sentence	Both poems are tributes to parents by speakers who reflect on their parents in younger years
Evidence and analysis	Eden Rock	Before You Were Mine
	In Charles Causely’s poem, the speaker describes his parents in vivid detail with sensory imagery His mother is described as “twenty-three, in a sprigged dress” with a “ribbon in her straw hat” His father “spins a stone across the water”	Similarly, the first-person speaker in Before You Were Mine describes her mother in rich imagery: “Your polka-dot dress blows round your legs” and “you shriek at the pavement”
	The speakers evoke positive, bright imagery to show their parents as vibrant younger adults
	Causely’s speaker shows his parents as guiding him in his life His mother is prepared and resourceful as she “slowly sets out the same three plates” They offer help: “'See where the stream-path is!”	Similarly, Duffy’s speaker reflects on her mother as a mentor and presents her poem as a eulogy: “You'd teach me the steps on the way home”
	The poems both comment on the powerful, positive influence of parents in family relationships, while the speakers equally recognise them as younger individuals

Similarities:

Topic sentence	Both poets present speakers who communicate with their parents despite separation and distance
Evidence and analysis	Eden Rock	Before You Were Mine
	Causely’s poem explores intense feelings of separation through surreal imagery and flashbacks The present-tense verbs highlight the speaker is with his parents, at least in his mind: “The sky whitens as if lit by three suns./My mother shades her eyes and looks my way”	Duffy’s speaker, too, imagines a scene from her mother’s past with imagery She returns to the past and immerses the reader with present-tense verbs: “I'm ten years away from the corner you laugh on with your pals,” in “the fizzy, movie tomorrows”
	The speaker presents the close link in family relationships with the possessive pronoun “my”	Duffy’s speaker also relates this idea with repetition of the line: “Before you were mine.”
	The speaker communicates with his parents in the afterlife: “They beckon to me from the other bank./I hear them call,”	Similarly, Duffy’s speaker communicates in a direct address to her absent mother: “your ghost clatters toward me”
	The poets both explore family love which transcends death and distance due to the intimate bond between parent and child

Differences:

Topic sentence	Charles Causely’s poem depicts a speaker’s frustration with the distance from his parents, while Carol Ann Duffy’s more personal poem presents a speaker considering freedom and independence
Evidence and analysis	Eden Rock	Before You Were Mine
	Causely’s speaker is confused by the distance between him and his parents The poem ends unresolved, with pain and confusion The speaker states in a single line:”I didn’t expect it to be like this.”	However, Duffy’s speaker understands the complex relationship of parent and child The speaker recognises the restrictions she placed on her mother: “my loud possessive yell” The poem ends with a resolution: the speaker understands her mother had a life of her own, “before you were mine”
	Causely’s speaker uses a detached third-person narrative to represent his feelings of separation: “They are waiting for me”	Duffy, however, presents an intimate monologue which directly addresses the mother: “You reckon it’s worth it.”
	Both speakers communicate with their parents, however Causely’s poem presents unresolved feelings created by distance, whereas Duffy’s poem presents a speaker who feels close to their mother despite the distance

Exam Tip

You can choose whichever poem you feel you are able to make the most in-depth comparisons to in the exam. For example, you could choose to compare the presentation of independence in family relationships in Eden Rock and Follower. Or you might wish to explore the idea of intimate family love in Eden Rock and Before You Were Mine. What is important is that you view the poems thematically, with a clear emphasis on love and relationships. This will give you a better framework in which to write your response in the exam.

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Eden Rock (AQA GCSE English Literature)

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Author: Sam Evans