- Market failure in financial markets has far reaching consequences. The Global Financial Crisis of 2008 highlighted the interdependence & fragility of the global financial system
Types of Market Failure in Financial Markets
Market Failure |
Explanation |
Asymmetric information
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- Many financial products are complex & difficult for consumers to understand
- The sellers often have a significant information advantage over the buyers
- E.g. During the financial crisis, financial institutions bundled thousands of mortgages together & sold them on to investors. The sellers had more information on the risk profile of each bundle than the buyers
- E.g. Mortgage sellers often understand the implications of interest rate changes to repayments much better than the average consumer
- The Global Financial Crisis demonstrated that asymmetric information even exists between financial markets & the regulators set up to monitor them
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Externalities
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- Negative externalities of production & consumption exist in financial market
- E.g. When investors speculate on property prices, a negative consumption externality occurs as young buyers end up paying more (or being forced out of the market) due to the higher prices caused by speculation (AirBnB effect)
- E.g. When banks in many developed nations relaxed mortgage lending requirements this helped cause the Global Financial Crisis. The impact of the crash reverberated around the world causing a global depression which reduced or eliminated imports from many developing countries (third parties to the global mortgage market)
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Moral hazard
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- Moral Hazard has increased in the financial sector since 2008 as Governments have stepped in to save individual banks from failure (e.g. RBS)
- Banks seem to be considered 'too big to fail' & governments bear the consequences of their risky behaviour
- The financial sector returned to questionable practices within two years: The China Hustle documents how investment funds & stockbrokers played up obscure Chinese companies who presented fake financial data. This stimulated investor demand, temporarily pushing up prices. Many investors lost a lot of money
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Speculation & market bubbles
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- The higher the money supply in an economy, the greater the speculation & potential for market bubbles
- Significant amounts of quantitative easing since 2008 have increased the money supply & created potential bubbles in different markets (e.g. property, cryptocurrency, shares)
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Market rigging
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- There have been allegations that some banks & individual bankers have been involved in rigging key interest rates or exchange rates in order to profit maximise
- This is considered to be fraudulent activity but is often difficult to identify or trace unless there is a whistleblower who reveals the fraud
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