Types of Trading Blocs
- A trading bloc is a group of countries who come together & agree to reduce or eliminate any barriers to trade that exist between them
- There are different levels of economic integration ranging from relatively low integration in a bilateral agreement to high integration in a monetary union e.g. the Eurozone
- Globally, there were more than 420 regional trade agreements in effect in 2022
- The trading blocs below each have an increased level of economic integration
Free Trade Areas
- A free trade area is a bloc in which countries agree to abolish trade restrictions between themselves but maintain their own restrictions with other countries e.g Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA)
Mexico, Canada & The USA have a free trade agreement but can deal individually with Cuba as they see fit
- In the diagram above, Mexico, Canada & the USA have reduced/eliminated many trade restrictions between themselves
- The USA refuses to trade with Cuba & has placed a complete ban on all exports/imports to Cuba
- Canada trades with Cuba but imposes tariffs on all imports
- Mexico trades freely with Cuba
Customs Unions
- A customs union is an agreement between countries in which all goods/services produced by members are traded tariff free. Additionally, countries agree on common tariff rates on imports from all external (third party) countries
Countries within the European Union trade freely between themselves & have common barriers with all third-party countries e.g. UK
- In the diagram above, countries in the European Union have eliminated all tariff barriers between themselves but impose common tariff barriers on third party countries such as the UK or China
Common Markets
- Similarly, to a customs union, goods/services are traded tariff free in common markets. Additionally, the four factors of production flow freely between member countries
- The goal is to improve the allocation of resources between the common market members & lower costs of production
- The European Union is a customs union & a common market
Monetary Unions
- A monetary union takes integration a step further. Members enjoy all of the benefits of a customs union & common market, but then also establish a common central bank which issues a common currency & controls the monetary policy of member countries
- Prior to Brexit, the UK was a member of the European Customs Union & common market but never joined the Eurozone
- Prior to Brexit, the UK was a member of the European Customs Union & common market but never joined the Eurozone
Essential Conditions for a Successful Monetary Union Such as the Eurozone
Movement of labour | Similar trade cycles |
Labour should be able to move freely without any major barriers e.g. language. The main languages of the Eurozone are English, French & German but language is still a limiting factor |
The trade cycles of member countries should be similar so as to avoid tensions with the union e.g. after the 2008 Financial Crisis, Southern European countries were in a depression compared to the temporary recession in Northern European countries. This created extreme pressure on the survival of the Eurozone |
Mobility of finance | Fiscal transfers |
There should be complete mobility of finance with prices & wages free to adjust based on market conditions. This is a strength of the Eurozone & labour markets fluctuate based on members market conditions |
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