Components of the Balance of Payments
- The Balance of Payments (BoP) for a country is a record of all the financial transactions that occur between it and the rest of the world
- The BoP has two main sections:
- The current account: all transactions related to goods/services along with payments related to the transfer of income
- The financial & capital account: all transactions related to savings, investment and currency stabilisation
- Money flowing into the country is recorded in the relevant account as a credit (+) and money flowing out as a debit (-)
The Current Account of the Balance of Payments
- The Current Account is often considered to be the most important account in the BoP
- It records the net income that an economy gains from international transactions
- It records the net income that an economy gains from international transactions
An Example of the UK Current Account Balance For 2017
Component | 2017 |
Net trade in goods (exports - imports) | £-32.9bn |
Net trade in services (exports - imports) | £27.9bn |
Sub-total trade in goods/services | £-5bn |
Net income (interest, profits & dividends) | £-2.1bn |
Current transfers | £-3.6bn |
Total Current Account Balance | £-10.7bn |
Current Account as a % of GDP | 3.7% |
- Goods are also referred to as visible exports/imports
- Services are also referred to as invisible exports/imports
- Net income consists of income transfers by citizens and corporations
- Credits are received from UK citizens who are abroad and send remittances home
- Debits are sent by foreigners working in the UK back to their countries
- Current transfers are typically payments at government level between countries e.g. contributions to the World Bank
The Capital Account
- The Capital Account records small capital flows between countries and is relatively inconsequential
- E.g. debt forgiveness by the government towards developing countries
- E.g. capital transfers by migrants as they emigrate & immigrate
The Financial Account
- The Financial Account records the flow of all transactions associated with changes of ownership of the UK’s foreign financial assets & liabilities
- It includes the following sub-sections
- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): flows of money to purchase a controlling interest (10% or more) in a foreign firm. Money flowing in is recorded as a credit (+) and money flowing out is a debit (-)
- Portfolio Investment: flows of money to purchase foreign company shares & debt securities (government & corporate bonds). Money flowing in is recorded as a credit (+) and money flowing out is a debit (-)
- Financial derivatives: are sophisticated financial instruments which investors use to speculate & return a profit. Money flowing in is recorded as a credit (+) and money flowing out is a debit (-)
- Reserve Assets: are assets controlled by the Central Bank & available for use in achieving the goals of monetary policy. They include gold, foreign currency positions at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) & foreign exchange held by the Central Bank (USD, Euros etc.)