Changes in a City (Edexcel GCSE Geography: B (1GB0))

• London has been affected by migration in a number of ways
  • Internal migration people moving in and out of London to/from other areas of the UK
  • International migration of people moving in and out of London to/from other countries 
  • Over 43% of all international migrants go to London
• Significant levels of migration mean that London is one of the most diverse cities in the world
  • Over 300 languages are spoken 
  • Of the population of London 46% of people are black or minority ethnic
  • High levels of international migration means 41% of people living in London were not born in the UK
• Overall net migration in London means that in 2018-2020 34,000 more people migrated from London than to London
• The cause of overall decline in population is due to domestic (internal) migration with people moving to other areas of the UK

Migration in and out of London

Internal migration

• People moving into London tend to be in their 20s
• Attracted by jobs, entertainment and services
• Most people moving internally are moving out of London

Ages of internal migrants to London

International migration

• The amount of international migration to London has remained steady since 2010 at about 200,000 people a year
• Recent migrants tend to live in cheaper, rented accommodation
• Clusters of minority ethnic groups sometimes develop as people seek out others who:
  • Speak the same language
  • Have the same culture, traditions and/or religion
  • Are family or friends 
• These areas often have:
  • Shops and restaurants providing food from the migrants country of origin
  • Festivals and places of worship which reflect the culture or religion of the migrants country of origin
    • The Notting Hill carnival 
    • St Andrew Bobola Church, Hammersmith which serves the Polish community 

• There are inequalities across London in terms of:
  • Health
  • Employment
  • Services 
  • Education
  • Housing
• The wealthiest and poorest people in the UK live in London

Brent - population

• Most people in Brent are of working age with the largest age groups from 25-34 years

• Brent is one of the most diverse boroughs in London

Population of Brent by ethnicity

• The majority of the Asian population are Indian (17.3%)
• The majority of the Black population are Black African (8.1%)
• Over 50% of the population were born outside the UK

Housing

• Most people live in rented accommodation
  • Private renting (36%)
  • Social housing rented (23.5%)
  • Owner occupied (38.4%)

Culture

• There are many places of worship in Brent including orthodox churches, mosques, synagogues and temples
• Shops, food stores and restaurants reflect the Asian and Black population

Income 

• In 2020 36% of people in Brent were in households classed as living in poverty
• The child poverty rate in 2020 was 39%
• In 2021 almost 30% of residents were earning below the Living Wage
• The unemployment rate in 2022 was 8.2%
• There were almost 16% of people on out of work benefits

Education

• Lower levels of educational attainment
  • 75.4% of pupils achieved grade 9-4 (maths and English)
• Number of 19 year olds without level 3 qualifications (A Level, Level 3 NVQ) - 26.9%
• Proportion with no qualifications 7.6%

Health

• Life expectancy is 82.71 years
• Infant mortality is 4 per 1000
• Premature deaths 315 per 1000
• Almost 80% of people are in good or very good health

Richmond Upon Thames - Population

• Richmond upon Thames has an ageing population
  • The largest age groups are 40-55 years

Population pyramid for Richmond upon Thames

• Richmond upon Thames is one of the least diverse boroughs of London

Population of Richmond upon Thames by ethnicity

• Over 67% of the population were born in the UK
• The majority of the Asian population are Indian (3.8%) or Pakistani (2.8%)
• The majority of the Black population are Black African (2.6%)

Housing

• Most housing in Richmond upon Thames is owner occupied (62%)
• Renting accounts for 37% of the housing
  • Private renting (25%)
  • Social housing rented (12%)

Culture 

• Mainly white middle class
• A range of churches, few temples, synagogues or mosques

Income

• In 2021 19% of people were in households classed as living in poverty
• The child poverty rate in 2021 was 16%
• In 2021 almost 11% of residents were earning below the Living Wage
• The unemployment rate in 2022 was 4.4%
• There were almost 7% of people on out of work benefits

Education 

• High levels of educational attainment
  • 83.8% of pupils achieved grade 9-4 (maths and English)
• Number of 19 year olds without level 3 qualifications (A Level, Level 3 NVQ) - 28.8%
• Proportion of people with no qualifications - 2.8%

Health

• Life expectancy is 84.3 years
• Infant mortality is 2.6 per 1000
• Premature deaths 236 per 1000 
• Almost 90% of people are in good or very good health

Impact of inequalities

• Brent has higher levels of ill health than Richmond upon Thames
  • Poor health can impact on people's ability to work which affects income
• Levels of educational attainment are lower in Brent than Richmond upon Thames
  • May restrict people to lower paid jobs
  • This affects income, housing quality, diet