Monitoring, Prediction & Planning
- Some countries are more vulnerable to tropical storms than others
- There are three types of vulnerability and contribute to the different methods of monitoring, prediction and planning:
- Physical
- Economic
- Social
Vulnerability of Tropical Storms
Physical | Economic | Social |
Steep slopes increase the risk of landslides | Developing countries are economically vulnerable due to lack of money | In developing countries, buildings tend to be of poorer build quality and easily damaged |
Areas where tropical storms form are hit more frequently as they are in the path of the storm | Financial cost of repairs can be too much for some countries, some people may not have insurance | Harder to rescue people if infrastructure is damaged or is non- existent in some poorer countries |
Low-lying coastlines are vulnerable to storm surges, flooding and high winds | The cost of repairs for developed countries will be higher as the infrastructure and buildings are more complex and damage more intense | Health and well-being are impacted regardless of wealth, but poorer countries struggle to treat injuries and provide basic support |
Monitoring - forecasting / prediction
- Weather charts, computer software, radar and satellites are used to track the development and approach of a tropical storm in HICs
- The USA, has an effective hurricane monitoring system
- The National Hurricane Centre, Florida, monitors all hurricane activity over the Eastern Pacific and Atlantic oceans
- The National Weather Service will announce a 'hurricane watch' when storm winds are detected to alert people and give them time to prepare
- Many LICs are less able to monitor tropical storms as the equipment is very expensive, plus the ability to communicate any information may be limited
- Wind strength can be monitored by measuring its wind speed against the Saffir-Simpson 5-point scale
Saffir-Simpson 5-Point Scale of Wind Strength
Category | Wind Speeds | Damage |
1 |
74-95 mph 119-153 km/h |
Some |
2 |
96-100 mph 154-177 km/h |
Extensive |
3 |
111-129 mph 178-208 km/h |
Devastating |
4 |
130-156 mph 209-251 km/h |
Catastrophic |
5 |
157 mph or higher 252 km/h |
Catastrophic |
- Monitoring systems, allows for several days of warnings to be given
- This allows people time to prepare and or evacuate their homes and businesses
Planning
- Governments can plan evacuation routes to get people away from storms quickly and safely
- People are encouraged to stock up on food and water as they may not be able to leave their home for several days following a storm
- Training and education on the impacts of tropical storms along with information leaflets on what to do in the event, reduces injuries
- Boarding up windows, reinforcing doors etc, helps to reduce flying debris
- Emergency services can train and prepare for disasters through practicing at regular intervals
- Early warning systems can be used to reduce the number of people killed - Bangladesh has a loudspeaker system in villages and designated emergency shelters on high ground or stilts to stop flood waters from entering the building
Protection
- Protection means that buildings are less likely to be destroyed, so less people will die from collapsing buildings and falling debris
- Defences such as sea walls and levees can be built along the coast to prevent damage from storm surges,
- Buildings can be designed to withstand tropical storms:
- Building on stilts to avoid flood waters
- Building with reinforced concrete
- Fixed roofs rather than tiles
- Have windows covered either with metal shutters or wooden planks
- Protection can be expensive to put in place, but will save money in the long-term as there is less need for rebuilding
Exam Tip
Do not get confused with planning to reduce the damaging effects of tropical storm with predicting and monitoring the progress/path of the storm.
Evacuation routes and emergency practice are considered planning to reducing impacts.