Investigation (Edexcel A Level Geography)

Topic Questions

1
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4 marks

Explain why future global warming may be inevitable.

(4)

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2a
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4 marks
a)
Table 1 below shows the area of the northern hemisphere covered by either snow or ice in January and July for selected years between 1970 and 2020.

Year Area in
million km2
January
Rank
Order
Area in
million km2
July
Rank
Order
d d2
1970 48.26 3 4.94 2= 0.5 0.25
1975 44.95 11 4.60 4 7 49
1980 45.91 9 5.40 1 8 64
1985 50.18 1 4.94 2= –1.5 2.25
1990 45.67 10 2.97 8 2 4
1995 46.13 8 3.97 5 3 9
2000 47.61 4 3.55 6= –2.5 6.25
2005 46.56 6 3.55 6= –0.5  
2010 48.84 2 2.51 10 –8 64
2015 47.15 5 2.52 9 –4 16
2020 46.36 7 2.41 11 –4 16
          Σd2 =

Table 1

Complete Table 1 by calculating the value of d2 for the year 2005 and then calculating the value of Σd2

(2)

Using the formula below, now calculate Rs.

Rs = 1 − open square brackets fraction numerator space 6 Σd squared over denominator n cubed minus sign n end fraction close square brackets

Give your answer to two decimal places.

You must show your working.

(2)

Rs = .....................................

2b
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4 marks
b)
Explain why the data used in Table 1 might not be a reliable guide to the impact of global warming on snow and ice coverage.
(4)

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3
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8 marks

Study Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 in Section A of the Resource Booklet.

Analyse the evidence that Arctic and Antarctic temperature changes are extreme.

(8)

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4
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4 marks

Study Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6 in Section A of the Resource Booklet.

Analyse the global implications of climate change in these polar regions.

(4)

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5
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18 marks

Study the resources in Section B of the Resource Booklet.

Evaluate the view that the exploitation of resources in the Arctic and Antarctica will create more costs than benefits.

(18)

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6
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24 marks

Evaluate the view that the Arctic is more likely to be a focus of both short-term and long-term political conflict than Antarctica.

(24)

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7
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4 marks

Explain the differences between colonial and neo-colonial mechanisms of maintaining power.

(4)

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8a
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4 marks
a)
Table 1 below shows data for the level of development of the 38 members of the United Nations that are landlocked countries.

A Chi-squared test was used to establish if there is an association between being landlocked and the level of development. Two hypotheses were set up:

There is no significant association between the level of development and being landlocked.

Alternative hypothesis:

There is a significant association between the level of development and being landlocked.

i)
Using the formula and the data in Table 1 below calculate the value of χ2

(2)

χ2 = sum with blank below open parentheses 0 minus sign italic E close parentheses squared over italic E

Show your working.

χ2......................... 

Level of development Low human development Medium human
development
High human
development
Very high
human
development
Observed 14 4 7 13
Expected 9.50 9.50 9.50 9.50
(O-E)2 20.25 30.25 6.25 12.25
(O-E)2 / E 2.13 3.18 0.66 1.29

Table 1

ii)

To test the significance of this value for χ2 the table below was used to determine which hypothesis should be accepted.

State the result of this test of significance.

  90% significant (0.1) 95% significant (0.05) 99% significant (0.01)
Critical value 6.25 7.81 11.34

State the result of this test of significance.

(2)

8b
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4 marks
b)
Explain why the result you have reached for the χ2 test in 2 (a)(ii) may not be a reliable guide to the relationship between a country being landlocked and its level of development.

(4)

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9
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8 marks

Study Figures 1, 2, 3a and 3b in Section A of the Resource Booklet.

Analyse the evidence that the trade profile of Latin America might hinder its development.

(8)

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10
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8 marks

Study Figure 4 and Figure 5 in Section A of the Resource Booklet.

Analyse the relationship between inequalities and the level of social and economic development.

(8)

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11
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18 marks

Study the resources in Section B of the Resource Booklet.

Evaluate the view that economic development based on natural resources inevitably leads to environmental degradation (destruction).

(18)

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12
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24 marks

Evaluate the view that Latin American countries cannot develop whilst the USA

remains the dominant global superpower.

(24)

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13
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4 marks

Explain how one theory of development can help an understanding of global patterns of power.

(4)

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14a
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4 marks
a)
The table on the next page shows data for the 12 richest countries (measured using GDP per capita).

The formula for Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is given below.
R = 1fraction numerator 6 space sum straight d squared over denominator straight n cubed minus straight n end fraction
Complete the table below and calculate the value of R to two decimal places where n=12.
(4)

Country (population size
in millions)
GDP per
capita in
$US
Rank Military
spending as
a % of GDP
Rank d d2
United States (324.5) 57,436 10 5.7 4 6 36
Ireland (4.7)a (32.9) 55,158 11 15.2 1 10 100
Netherlands (17.0) 51,049 12 2.8 9 3 9
United Arab Emirates (9.4) 67,871 8 5.0 5 3 9
Switzerland (8.4) 59,561 9 1.7 10 -1 1
Singapore (5.7) 87,855 3 4.8 6 -3 9
Norway (5.3) 69,249 6 2.9 8 -2 4
Ireland (4.7) 69,231 7 0.6 12 -5 25
Kuwait (4.1) 71,887 5 8.2 2 3  9
Qatar (2.6) 127,660 1 3.2 7 -6 36
Luxembourg (0.6) 104,003 2 1.1 11 -9 81
Brunei (0.4) 76,884 4 6.6 3 1 1
Σd2 =   

Table 1

Military spending as a % of GDP for the 12 richest countries, as measured by their GDP per capita

Show your working. Give your answer to two decimal places.

14b
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4 marks
b)
Explain why this sample of 12 countries may be an unreliable measure of the relationship between GDP per capita and military spending as a percentage of GDP.

(4)

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15
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8 marks

Study Figure 1 and Figure 2 in Section A of the Resource Booklet.

Analyse the pattern of earthquakes in Japan and its surrounding region.

(8)

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16
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8 marks

Study Figure 3 and Figure 4 in Section A of the Resource Booklet.

Analyse the relationship between earthquake risk and population density in the Japanese archipelago.

(8)

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17
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18 marks

Study Section B in the Resource Booklet.

Evaluate the view that international trade is the main factor in the success of the Japanese economy.

(18)

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18
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24 marks

Evaluate the view that Japan’s status as a significant global power is unsustainable.

(24)

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19
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4 marks

Explain one reason why many national governments have been keen to join free trade blocs.

(4)

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20a
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4 marks
a)
Table 1 below shows data for the 10 countries of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) in 2013.

Complete the table below and calculate the GDP per capita (per person) for the ASEAN free trade bloc.

Show your working in the space provided below the table.
(4)
  Countries Size of economy
GDP (US$ billions)
Population
(millions)
GDP per capita
(US$)
  Brunei 16.2   0.4   40 500  
  Cambodia 16.2   15.2   1 066  
  Indonesia 868.4   250.8   3 462  
  Laos 11.0   6.8   1 617  
  Malaysia 313.2   29.7   10 545  
  Myanmar 44.9   62.0   724  
  Philippines 272.1   98.4   2 765  
  Singapore 297.9   5.4   55 167  
  Thailand   67.0   5 781  
  Vietnam 170.6   89.7   1 902  
  ASEAN (total)      

                                                       Table 1

         Economic and population data for the 10 ASEAN countries

20b
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4 marks
b)
Explain why the GDP per capita for the ASEAN free trade bloc may be a misleading statistic.

(4)

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21
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8 marks

Study Table 1 on Page 4 of the Question Paper and Figure 2 in Section A of the Resource Booklet, both of which show data for the 10 ASEAN countries.

Analyse the differences in their social, economic and political development.

(8)

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22
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8 marks

Study Figure 3 in Section A of the Resource Booklet.

Analyse the varied level of interconnectedness within the ASEAN free trade bloc.

(8)

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23
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18 marks

Study Section B and Section C of the Resource Booklet.

Evaluate the role of superpowers in the development of the Southeast Asian region.

(18)

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24
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24 marks

You should have read the whole of the Resource Booklet, including Section D, before attempting this question.

Evaluate the view that climate change and natural hazards pose the most serious threat to the economic, social and political stability of Southeast Asia.

(24)

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25
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4 marks

Explain why tropical rainforests are a globally important physical system.

(4)

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26a
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4 marks
a)
The table below shows data on income per capita and tropical rainforest forest cover loss for 10 countries.

The formula for Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient value R is given below.

bold italic R bold space bold equals bold space bold 1 bold space bold minus bold space fraction numerator bold 6 bold sum bold d to the power of bold 2 over denominator bold n to the power of bold 3 bold space bold minus bold space bold n end fraction

Complete the table below and calculate the value of R for the data given.

Show your working.

 Country Income
per capita
(2014 US$)
Rank  % forest
cover loss
1990–2005 
Rank d d2
 Brunei 36,600    1   11.2   7      
 Costa Rica 10,000   4   29.4   3   1   1  
 Indonesia 3,500   6   30.8   2      
 Kenya 1,400   8   5.1   9   1   1  
 Madagascar 450   10   1.5   10      
 Mexico 10,700   3   15.3   5   2   4  
 Panama 11,100   2   18.0   4   2   4  
 Papua New   Guinea 2,100    7   13.7   6   1   1  
 Senegal 1,000    9   9.2   8   1   1  
 Sri Lanka 3,600   5   35.0   1      
          Ʃ  

R = .............................

(4)

26b
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4 marks
b)
Explain why the value for R you have calculated, for the relationship between income per capita and forest cover loss, may be unreliable.

(4)

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27
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8 marks

Study Figure 3 in Section B of the Resource Booklet, which shows data for three countries.

Analyse the differences in level of development for the three countries shown.

(8)

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28
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8 marks

Study Figure 9 in Section C of the Resource Booklet, which shows data on natural resources exports versus income per person.

Analyse the relationship between income per capita and natural resource exports.

(8)

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29
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18 marks

Study the resources in Section C of the Resource Booklet.

Evaluate the economic strengths and weaknesses of Angola, Congo and DRC.

(18)

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30
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1 mark

You are advised to read Section D of the Resource Booklet before attempting this question.

Evaluate the view that the natural resources found in the three countries shown are more of a ‘curse’ than a ‘blessing’ for their people and environment. 

(24)

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