Define the Renaissance.
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Define the Renaissance.
Renaissance is a French term that means "rebirth". This describes a period of new ideas about science, religion, art and architecture from the 16th century to the 18th century.
When did Johannes Guttenberg invent the printing press?
Johannes Guttenberg invented the printing press in 1440.
In what year did Fracastoro write about disease being spread by "seeds in the air"?
Fracastoro wrote about disease being spread by "seeds in the air" in 1546.
Why was the decline of the influence of the Chruch during the Renaissance period significant?
The decline of the Church during the Renaissance allowed for more scientific progress by lifting restrictions on practices like dissection.
Define alchemy.
Alchemy is an early form of chemistry that focused on converting metal into gold but later evolved to study the properties of substances for developing cures.
Why was the creation of the printing press in the Renaissance period significant?
The creation of the printing press was significant as it increased the number of medical textbooks without the influence of the Church.
Who discovered microorganisms like bacteria for the first time?
Antony van Leeuwenhoek discovered microorganisms like bacteria, for the first time.
True or False?
Did human dissection allow for Jan Baptiste van Helmont to gain a better understanding of the circulatory system?
False.
Human dissection allowed Jan Baptiste van Helmont to better understand the digestion system.
What did William Harvey discover in the Renaissance period?
William Harvey discovered the circulatory system.
What was the general public’s attitude towards the Theory of the Four Humours by the 17th century?
The general public's attitude towards the Theory of the Four Humours still preferred explanations based on the Four Humours, despite physicians using medical texts more to diagnose patients.
What medical theories stayed the same during the Renaissance period?
The medical theories that stayed the same during the Renaissance period were the theory of Miasma.
True or False?
The development of humanism helped individuals in the Renaissance period to distance themselves from religious explanations.
True.
Humanism helped people to distance themselves from religious explanations. People began to focus on the logical causes of illness.
What did Thomas Sydenham believe about patients symptoms?
Thomas Sydenham believed that a patient's symptoms indicated the disease they had and that they should all receive the same remedy.
True or False?
Thomas Sydenham believed that scarlet fever and measles were the same disease.
False.
Thomas Sydenham discovered that scarlet fever and measles were two diseases. He revolutionised the approach to disease diagnosis and treatment.
Was the development of printing presses in the Renaissance period important to medical advancements?
Yes.
Printing presses were important to medical advancements as physicians and scientists could publish and share their work more easily.
Define the Royal Society.
The Royal Society was an organisation that allowed scientists from across Europe to share discoveries and discuss new ideas. It was given support by King Charles II in 1662.
When did Vesalius write The Fabric of the Human Body?
Vesalius wrote The Fabric of the Human Body in 1543.
Define transference.
Transference is the idea that touching an object or another animal could move disease from the person to the object or animal. In the Renaissance, this idea allowed scientists to understand how diseases were spread.
True or False?
Physicians in the Renaissance period prescribed the treatment of rubbing onions on warts for transference.
True.
Physicians in the Renaissance period prescribed the rubbing of onions on warts. They believed the wart would transfer to the onion.
Define latrochemistry.
Iatrochemistry is also known as medical chemistry. It was a development of alchemy which sought to find chemical solutions to illnesses.
In the Renaissance period were apothecaries still used to care for the sick?
Yes.
Apothecaries were still used to care for the sick in the Renaissance period as they were more affordable than physicians and could prescribe remedies.
True or False?
In the Renaissance period only surgeons, not apothecaries, needed a license to practice their craft.
False.
Both surgeons and apothecaries in the Renaissance period required a license to practice their craft.
Name two changes the education of physicians saw in the Renaissance period.
Two changes that physicians had in their education in the Renaissance period were:
The wider selection of medical textbooks available at universities
The use of human dissection provided a better understanding of human anatomy
Who was Andreas Vesalius?
Andreas Vesalius was a famous anatomist who encouraged dissections and disproved Galen.
True or False?
In the Renaissance period, Vesalius noted over 400 mistakes Galen made on human anatomy.
False.
Vesalius noted over 300 mistakes made by Galen on the human anatomy. Including the lower jaw being in one part, not two and veins in the heart did not lead to the liver.
In the Renaissance period, how did William Harvey prove the heart pushes blood around the body through arteries and veins?
In the Renaissance period, William Harvey proved the heart pushes blood around the body by tying a rope around a person's arm and loosening it. This experiment showed that the blood flowed down into the forearm and back up.
How did hospitals change in the Renaissance period?
In the Renaissance period, hospitals focus changed as they attempted to cure patients using medical treatments.
Define pest houses.
Pest houses were hospitals in the Renaissance period that admitted patients with infectious diseases that conventional hospitals turned away.
True or False?
The London College of Physicians punished women for practising medicine without a license.
True.
The London College of Physicians did punish women for practicing medicine without a license. Women were not allowed to attend university to receive the medical training required to be a physician.
Define epidemic.
An epidemic is an outbreak of a disease that attacks many people at the same time and spreads through several communities.
Had bathing become less or more popular by the 16th century?
Less.
Bathing had become less popular in the 16th century because many public baths were also brothels and diseases spread quickly in those environments.
How did people in the Renaissance period try to maintain better health and cleanliness?
People in the Renaissance period tried to maintain better health and cleanliness by changing their clothes more often. They also moved away from areas with disease.
True or False?
People in the Renaissance period no longer believed that the supernatural influenced their health.
False.
People in the Renaissance period still believed that the supernatural influenced their health. People still prayed to prevent illness.
In the Renaissance period, how did the local government try to remove miasma?
In the Renaissance period, the local government tried to remove miasma by having minor criminals pick up rubbish, giving fines to those who did not clean up outside their own homes and draining swamps and bogs.
True or False?
In the Renaissance period, barometers and thermometers were used to prevent diseases from spreading.
True.
Barometers and thermometers were used in the Renaissance period to monitor weather conditions to prevent the spreading of diseases. Epidemics of disease spread easier in the summer months than in winter.
When did the Great Plague arrive in England?
The Great Plague arrived in England in 1665.
True or False?
In September 1665, the Great Plague took the lives of 8,165 Londoners in one week.
False.
In September 1665, the Great Plague took the lives of 7,165 Londoners in one week.
List three causes people during the Renaissance period believed caused the Great Plague.
People during the Renaissance period believed the Great Plague was caused by a comet in the sky, punishment from God, and miasma.
True or False?
During the Great Plague, physicians recommended wrapping patients in woollen cloths and laying them by the fire.
True.
Physicians did recommended wrapping patients in woollen cloths and laying them by the fire during the Great Plague. This was a new recommendation along with transference.
How were herbal remedies used during the Great Plague to treat the disease?
Herbal remedies were used during the Great Plague as medicines to be drunk or swallowed. Poultices were placed around the wound. Rubs were placed on the skin.
Define a quack doctor.
A quack doctor is a fake doctor with no medical qualifications. Some were businessmen wanting to make money, others had some medical training but did not hold full medical degrees.
Name four recommendations physicians gave to the people of the Renaissance period to prevent the Great Plague.
Four recommendations that physicians gave to the people of the Renaissance period to prevent the Great Plague were:
Prayer
Quarantine
Carrying a pomander
Fasting
True or False?
Plague doctors wore distinctive outfits to protect themselves from catching the Great Plague.
True.
Plague doctors wore distinctive outfits to protect themselves from catching the plague. These outfits had a beak stuffed with herbs to prevent miasma and leather gloves to prevent contact with patients.
What role did a searcher have during the Great Plague?
The role of a searcher during the Great Plague was to find plague victims and remove bodies for burial. They would have been hired by local officials or mayors.
Define a decree.
A decree is an official order made by a monarch or the government. It is illegal not to follow a decree.
True or False?
King Charles by royal decree ordered the death of rats due to their role in spreading disease.
False.
King Charles II by royal decree ordered the killing of cats, dogs and pigeons due to their role in spreading disease. Charles also banned theatre, public meetings, fairs, and large funerals during the Great Plague.