Which two key acts were passed in 1967 concerning crime?
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Which two key acts were passed in 1967 concerning crime?
The two key acts that were passed in 1967 were the:
Sexual Offences Act
Abortion Act
These two acts legalised homosexuality and abortion.
What year was the Terrorism Act passed?
The Terrorism Act was passed in 2000.
Define multicultural.
Multicultural is a society which contains people of different races and religions. By the 20th century, Britain contained people of different cultures that demanded better legal treatment.
True or False?
The government did not respond to the social changes in Britain in the 20th century.
False.
The government responded to these social changes by making legal changes throughout the 20th century.
Define hate crimes.
Hate crimes are motivated by prejudice and hostility to certain groups. They cover a range of crimes, including vandalism, assault and harassment.
Did crimes against property, people and authority continue or change from the 18th and 19th centuries to the modern day?
Continued.
Many crimes continued into the 20th century, such as theft and treason. Changes in society have transformed the way some of these crimes are committed.
What did the 1968 Race Relations Act make it illegal to do?
The 1968 Race Relations Act make it illegal to refuse people employment, housing or public services on the grounds of their race.
Name four crimes linked to drugs.
The four crimes linked to drugs are:
People-trafficking
Smuggling
Theft
Gang-related violence
Define cybercrime.
Cybercrime is illegal activities committed on the internet.
When did the government introduce driving tests, road tax and insurance?
The government introduced driving tests, road tax and insurance in the 1930s.
Define extremism.
Extremism is the holding of extreme or radical views, compared to the views of most people.
What is Al Qaeda?
Al Qaeda is an Islamist terrorist organisation. On 7th July 2005, they set off three bombs on London Underground trains and one bomb on a double-decker bus. 52 people were killed.
When did Sofia Stanley become the first female police officer in the Metropolitan Police?
Sofia Stanley became the first female police officer in 1919.
What year was the first Neighbourhood Watch established?
The first Neighbourhood Watch was established in 1982.
True or False?
Improvements in science and technology improved policing.
True.
Advancements in science and technology have improved policing. For example, the police can now use DNA, fingerprints and CCTV recordings to identify suspects.
Define MI5.
MI5 is a counter-terrorist organisation in Britain which work with other forces to prevent, deter and investigate terrorism.
Has representation of different groups in the police force increased or decreased since 1900?
Increased.
Modern-day police forces include people of different genders, sexualities and races.
Define the Neighbourhood Watch.
The Neighbourhood Watch is an organised group of civilian volunteers who remain vigilant in a certain community to prevent crime.
True or False?
The Neighbourhood Watch weakened communities.
False.
The Neighbourhood Watch strengthened communities. It encouraged neighbours to look after each other.
What are CPOs in policing?
CPOs stand for Crime Prevention Officers. CPOs advise people on how to avoid crimes like burglary and theft.
How are PCSOs different to CPOs?
PCSO stands for Police Community Support Officers. Unlike CPOs, PCSOs cannot arrest people. They do have powers to stop and search, confiscate alcohol and control traffic.
What year was probation introduced?
Probation was introduced in 1907.
In 1933, what types of prisons were introduced?
The type of prison introduced in 1933 was the open prison system.
What year was the death penalty abolished?
The death penalty was abolished in 1988.
Define the term sanctity of life.
The sanctity of life is the idea that all life is sacred, unique and worthy of protection. This was an argument used against the death penalty.
What was the economic argument in support of the death penalty?
The economic argument in support of the death penalty is that it costs less to the taxpayer than life imprisonment.
True or False?
Society's attitudes regarding the reasons why people committed crimes did not change from the 18th and 19th centuries to the modern period.
False.
Most people stopped believing in the idea of a ‘criminal type’. They recognised that other factors, like poverty, caused crime.
Name two old practices that no longer occur in prisons in modern Britain.
The two old practices that modern-day prisons no longer do are hard labour and solitary confinement.
Define recidivism.
Recidivism is the tendency of a convicted criminal to re-offend. In the UK, 75% of ex-inmates re-offend within nine years of release
What does community service involve?
Community service orders offenders to spend between 40 and 300 hours serving the community that they have harmed without pay.
True or False?
Today, custodial sentences for young offenders are used as a last resort
True.
The police only put young offenders in prison if the other interventions have failed. These include fines, counselling, curfews and electronic tagging.
Define the term conscription.
Conscription is the act or process of forcing people by law to join the armed services.
When did the Military Service Act enforce conscription in the First World War?
The Military Service Act forced conscription in the First World War in 1916.
What year was conscription enforced in the Second World War?
Conscription was enforced in the Second World War in 1939.
Define the term conscientious objectors (COs).
Conscientious objectors are people who refuse to fight in wars due to political, moral or religious reasons.
What is the difference between a pacifist and an alternativist?
A pacifist is someone who completely oppose violence and will play no part in any aspect of war. An alternativist is someone who was not prepared to fight but found other ways of supporting the war effort.
True or False?
The public reaction to conscientious objectors in the First World War was mostly positive.
False.
Public opinion was largely hostile towards COs. They saw COs as unpatriotic, unmanly and cowards. Many COs faced physical attacks, job losses and negative press.
How did the government respond to COs' requests in the First World War?
Each CO had to attend a local tribunal. The government could approve or deny their request.
True or False?
Most COs had their request denied and were imprisoned.
False.
Out of the 16,000 CO requests, around 6,000 were imprisoned. Most completed on-combat work. However, a small amount of COs were sentenced to death. Many more people were forced to fight.
Did the government's response to COs change or stay the same during the Second World War?
Changed.
Prisons were only used as a last resort for COs. Most COs were given alternative work, for example, working in munitions factories.
Who was the last woman to be hung in Britain in 1955?
The last woman to be hung in Britain in 1955 was Ruth Ellis.
When was Derek Bentley granted a pardon by setting aside his murder conviction?
Derek Bentley was granted a pardon in 1998.
What phrase is Derek Bentley reported to have said to Chris Craig which resulted in the shooting of PC Sidney Mills?
Derek Bentley was reported to have said "Let him have it, Chris."
Define joint enterprise.
Joint enterprise is a criminal charge that permits two or more defendants to be charged and convicted of the same offence in relation to the same incident.
True or False?
As Bentley did not fire the gun that killed PC Sidney Mills, he was not put on trial for murder.
False.
Under joint enterprise, Bentley was charged with murder despite not firing the gun that killed PC Sidney Mills.
What made Bentley giving evidence at his murder trial a controversial decision?
Bentley had severe learning difficulties. Many people felt that he should not give evidence.
Why did Bentley receive the death penalty instead of Craig?
Bentley was 19 years of age. He was old enough to be legally hung. Craig was only 18. He was too young to be given the death penalty.
Was the public supportive or critical of the government's decision to execute Bentley?
Critical.
A gathering of five thousand protesters chanted ‘murder’ outside Wandsworth Prison on the day of Bentley’s execution.
Why was the death sentence of Ruth Ellis controversial?
Ruth Ellis shot and killed David Blakely. However, Blakely was abusive. He had severely beaten Ellis and she had suffered a miscarriage.
Did the case of Derek Bentley affect the use of the death penalty?
Yes.
High-profile cases meant that the death penalty was eventually abolished for all crimes in 1998.