Expanding & Factorising (AQA GCSE Further Maths)

How do I expand brackets?

• Expanding brackets means multiplying all the terms inside a bracket by the term outside of the bracket
• For GCSE Mathematics you will have learnt how to expand a single bracket
  • Multiply each term inside the bracket by the term outside the bracket

• You will also have learnt how to expand double brackets
  • You can turn this into two single brackets by multiplying each term inside one bracket by the other bracket
  • For Level 2 Further Mathematics you might get more than two terms in a bracket
    • Therefore using a grid or turning the expression into single brackets will be more helpful than using FOIL

• A bracket that is raised to the power of 2 can also be written as a double bracket
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  • Write as a double bracket and then expand
    • Do not just square each term inside the bracket
• Be very careful when working with negatives
• Remember to simplify expressions where possible

How do I factorise out a term from an expression?

• Factorising is the opposite of expanding
• Firstly find the highest common factor of each term in the expression and put this outside a bracket
  • The highest common factor could be a single number or a variable or both 
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  • If the terms involve the same variable(s) to different powers then the highest common factor will include the variable(s) with the smallest power
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  • The highest common factor could also contain brackets
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• Then find what you need to multiply the highest common factor by to get each term
  • You might need to use the index law: 

How do I expand three brackets?

• Multiply out any two brackets using a standard method and simplify this answer (collect any like terms)
• Replace the two brackets above with one long bracket containing the expanded result
• Expand this long bracket with the third (unused) bracket
  • This step often looks like (x + a)(x² + bx + c)
  • Every term in the first bracket must be multiplied with every term in the second bracket
    • This leads to six terms 
  • A grid can often help to keep track of all six terms, for example (x + 2)(x² + 3x + 1)

    • 	x2	+3x	+1
      x	x3	3x2	x
      +2	2x2	6x	2

    • add all the terms inside the grid (diagonals show like terms) to get x³ + 2x² + 3x² + 6x + x + 2
    • collect like terms to get the final answer of x³ + 5x² + 7x + 2
• Simplify the final answer by collecting like terms (if there are any)
• It helps to put negative terms in brackets when multiplying

How do I factorise expressions with common brackets?

• To factorise 3x(t + 4) + 2(t + 4), both terms have a common bracket, (t + 4)
  • the whole bracket, (t + 4), can be "taken out" like a common factor
    • (t + 4)(3x + 2)
  • this is like factorising 3xy + 2y to y(3x + 2)
    • y represents (t + 4) above

How do I factorise by grouping?

• Some questions may require you to form the common bracket yourself
  • for example, factorise xy + px + qy + pq
    • "group" the first pair of terms, xy + px, and factorise, x(y + p)
    • "group" the second pair of terms, qy + pq, and factorise, q(y + p),
  • now factorise x(y + p) + q(y + p) as above
    • (y + p)(x + q)

• • This is called factorising by grouping
• The groupings are not always the first pair of terms and the second pair of terms, but two terms with common factors