6.1 Improving Processes & Products

Iron rusts when it gets wet.

The word equation for rusting is 

Balance the symbol equation for the formation of rust. 

Answer = ………………………………… %

[2]

[3]

Iron rusts when it gets wet.

The word equation for rusting is 

Balance the symbol equation for the formation of rust. 

A 1.0 kg iron bar is left outside in the rain.

• All of the iron turns to rust.
• The rust forms at a rate of 60 g per day.

Calculate how long it will take for the iron bar to turn completely to rust.

Give your answer to the nearest day.

Answer = ………………………………… days

In the Haber process nitrogen gas, N₂, reacts with hydrogen gas.

Ammonia, NH₃, is made. The reaction is a reversible reaction.

Write the balanced symbol equation for the reaction.

Higher Only

The conditions used to make ammonia in the Haber process are:

• a pressure of 200 atmospheres
• a temperature of 450°C.

The reaction is an exothermic reaction.

A company making ammonia increases the temperature used to 550°C.

Higher Only

The company wants to reduce the cost of making the ammonia.

They decide to reduce the pressure used to 150 atmospheres.

Write about two disadvantages of using a lower pressure to make ammonia.

Ammonia is used to make fertilisers such as ammonium sulfate.

A student makes some ammonium sulfate crystals in a laboratory.

She uses a titration method, as shown in the diagram.

She adds an indicator to ammonia solution in a conical flask. She then adds dilute sulfuric acid from a burette until the indicator changes colour.

The student then crystallises the solution. She is left with impure ammonium sulfate crystals.

[2]

[1]

Ammonium sulfate, (NH₄)₂SO₄, is a fertiliser.

Ammonium sulfate can be manufactured from ammonia and sulfuric acid.

The Haber Process is used to manufacture ammonia.

Explain the importance of the Haber Process in agriculture.

Higher Only

The Contact Process is used to manufacture sulfuric acid. 

• The Contact Process involves the reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen.
• The conditions used are 450 °C and about 10 atmospheres pressure.
  
  

[2]

[2]

Ammonium sulfate is a salt.

It is made using the reaction between the alkali, ammonia, and sulfuric acid. 

[4]

Answer = …………………………………. tonnes

[2]

A student investigates the reactivity of four metals, A, B, C and D.

He adds a small piece of each metal to cold water.

He then adds a small piece of each metal to dilute hydrochloric acid.

Look at his results.

Write down the order of reactivity of the four metals A, B, C and D

 ............................................... most reactive

 ................................................least reactive

Higher Only

The piece of metal C used by the student produces 30 cm³ of hydrogen gas when it reacts with the dilute hydrochloric acid at room temperature and pressure.

Higher Only

Chromium metal, Cr, reacts with nickel sulfate solution, NiSO₄. Solid nickel is made.

Two possible equations for this reaction are:

Equation 1    Cr + NiSO₄ → CrSO₄ + Ni
Equation 2    2Cr + 3NiSO₄ → Cr₂(SO₄)₃ + 3Ni

10.40 g of chromium metal reacts with excess nickel sulfate solution to make 17.61 g of nickel.

Deduce which equation, 1 or 2, represents the reaction which takes place.

A_r : Cr = 52.0, Ni = 58.7

Higher Only

Bioleaching is one method used to extract copper from ores.

Reactions involving bacteria slowly convert copper sulfide to a mixture of copper sulfate solution and sulfuric acid.

[2]

This question is about the extraction of metals.

When iron oxide is heated with carbon, iron is made.

iron oxide + carbon ................................... + ...................................

Look at the reactivity series of some metals. Carbon is also included.

The table shows some information about aluminium and zinc.

Suggest two reasons why it could be more important to recycle zinc than aluminium.

Use information from the table to help you.

1 ................................................

2 ................................................

Aluminium alloys are often used to build aircraft.

A sample of an aluminium alloy contains 1.28 g of magnesium and 43.70 g of aluminium only.

Calculate the percentage of magnesium in this alloy.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Percentage of magnesium = ..................................................... %

This question is about metals and alloys.

The table gives information about some alloys.

Complete the table.

Choose your answers from the list.

Aluminium and copper

Aluminium and iron

Copper and tin

Copper and zinc

Copper and lead

Lead and zinc

Solder can be used to join metals together. A hot soldering iron is used to melt the solder.

The table gives some information about solder, copper and tin.

Solder is better than copper or tin for joining metals together.

Suggest why. Use the information in the table.

Steel is an alloy containing iron. 

Complete the word equation for the corrosion of iron.

This question is about properties of materials.

Police bullet-resistant vests could be made from steel or Kevlar®.

The table shows some information about steel and Kevlar®.

Describe and explain two reasons why bullet-resistant vests are made from Kevlar® instead of steel.

1 ..................................................................

2 ..................................................................

Higher Only

Look at the structure of Kevlar®.

What type of molecule is Kevlar®?

Nanoparticles are being used to make a material that is better than Kevlar® at resisting bullets.

Nanoparticles are often made of silicon dioxide.

A silicon dioxide nanoparticle has a diameter of 18 nm.

The diameter of a silicon atom is 0.22 nm.

Number of times larger = ...................................................... [3]

This question is about the properties of materials.

Look at the table. It shows information about two materials.

Electrical cables are made of metal wires surrounded by a polymer coating.

Explain why
• the wire is made of metal
• the metal wire is coated with a polymer.

Use information from the table in your answer.

Aluminium is a metal.

Aluminium is extracted from an ore called bauxite.

Electrolysis is used to extract the aluminium.

Use the reactivity series to explain why aluminium cannot be extracted from bauxite by heating the bauxite with carbon.

Drinks cans are often made from aluminium.

4.0 kg of bauxite makes 1.0 kg of aluminium.

285 000 kJ of energy is needed to make 1.0 kg of aluminium from bauxite.

Aluminium can be recycled.

4.0 kg of recycled aluminium makes 3.8 kg of aluminium.

14 250 kJ of energy is needed to produce 1.0 kg of aluminium from recycled aluminium.

[2]

[3]

The Haber process is used to manufacture ammonia, NH₃.

Ammonia is used to make fertilisers, which farmers use on their crops.

Explain why fertilisers are so important in the agricultural production of crops.

Ammonium sulfate is a fertiliser made from ammonia and sulfuric acid.

The diagram shows the stages in the industrial production of ammonium sulfate.

Complete the diagram to show the raw materials in the production of ammonium sulfate.

Ammonium nitrate, NH₄NO₃, is another fertiliser made from ammonia.

Ammonium nitrate is made by reacting ammonia with nitric acid.

NH₃ + HNO₃ → NH₄NO₃

Actual mass of ammonium nitrate = ...................................................... g [2]

A student investigates the corrosion of different metals.

• She places a small strip of each metal in different samples of air.
• She leaves the metals for one week before collecting her results.

Look at her table of results.

Suggest, with a reason, one change to the experimental procedure that would improve the quality of the results.

Explain the conclusions that can be made from her results.

Aluminium is extracted from its ore using electrolysis.

Copper is extracted from its ore by heating with carbon.

Explain why different methods are used to extract aluminium and copper.

Molten aluminium oxide contains Al³⁺ and O^2– ions.

The electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide makes aluminium and oxygen.

Copper is also made by electrolysis of copper sulfate solution.

Look at the diagram of the apparatus used in this electrolysis.

Describe what you would see at each electrode.

At the anode: ..................................................................

At the cathode: ...............................................................