Origins of Biodiversity (SL IB Environmental Systems & Societies (ESS))

Explain how plate activity has influenced the diversity of ecosystems.

The Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) is a small, semi-aquatic, globally threatened mammal related to moles and shrews. It lives in the Pyrenees, a mountain range between France and Spain, and can be seen in the image below.

Outline two adaptive features of the Pyrenean desman.

During a study that lasted many years, scientists found that the number of desman travelling from the northern population to the southern side of the mountain range was extremely low. The scientists suspect that the original desman species may have split into two different species.

Explain how the original desman species may have split into two separate species.

Describe the overall changes in global rates of extinction over time.

The apple maggot fly (Rhagoletis pomonella) is a species of fruit fly that lay their eggs on apples. As a result of this, they are often found in apple orchards where they can cause much damage to apple yields. Scientists studied two populations of apple maggot flies from orchards that were separated by a busy highway. They found that flies from the two populations had difficulty breeding successfully when kept in close confinement.

Suggest a reason for this observation.

Even though nylon wasn't invented until the 1940s, bacteria were soon discovered that could degrade nylon. The bacterium, Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens, has special enzymes that allow it to metabolise nylon and use it as an energy source. This is a very simple example of natural selection.