Structural Features of a Cell for Metabolism (College Board AP Biology)

Metabolic Roles of Organelles

• Organelles work in partnership with each other to support cellular function
• Many of the cell's organelles are optimized for efficient metabolism
• This means that the cell can capture, store, and utilize energy to the best effect
• This is a common feature of all organisms, although eukaryotes utilize organelles for this

The Organelles and Cell Structures That Support Metabolism Diagrams

Cell Structures With a Metabolic Role - Animal Cells

Cell Structures With a Metabolic Role - Plant Cells

Endoplasmic reticulum

• Plays an important role in protein synthesis
  • Using ribosomes bound in the membrane of the ER
• Provides some mechanical support to the cell
  • Whilst the cytoskeleton performs the bulk of this role, the ER also plays a supporting role 
  • Being made of membrane material (largely phospholipid bilayers), the ER can provide a measure of structural support to the cell
    • Acting as an ultrastructural skeleton

Mitochondria

• Mitochondria play a central role in metabolism
• They are the site of many of the key stages of the aerobic respiration pathway
• The most metabolically active cells eg, muscle cells tend to have more mitochondria than less active ones eg, bone cells

Mitochondrial adaptations for metabolism

• The mitochondrial double membrane compartmentalizes the organelle for different metabolic reactions
• The folding of the inner membrane into cristae increases the surface area
  • This allows for more ATP to be synthesized
• The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) reactions occur in the matrix (central space) of the mitochondria
• The reactions of electron transport and ATP synthesis take place on the inner mitochondrial membrane

Lysosomes

• Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes, which perform the following metabolic reactions
  • Intracellular digestion eg, of waste organic matter
  • The recycling of a cell’s organic materials eg, excess proteins being hydrolyzed back to amino acids for reuse in the cell
  • Programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Vacuoles

• Vacuoles have many roles
• Storage and release of
  • Macromolecules
  • Cellular waste products
• In plants, the vacuole aids in retention of water for turgor pressure

Chloroplasts

• The chloroplast plays a central role in harnessing light energy in photosynthesis
• And converting it into stored chemical energy in the form of food 
• Within the chloroplast are thylakoids and the stroma
  • The thylakoids are organized in stacks, called grana
  • Membranes contain chlorophyll pigments and electron transport proteins that make up the photosystems
  • The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the grana
  • The stroma is the fluid within the inner chloroplast membrane and outside of the thylakoid
  • The carbon fixation (Calvin-Benson cycle) reactions of photosynthesis occur in the stroma