3.23 Suggesting Improvements

• Improvements to an experiment help make it more reliable and reproducible to gain more trust in the results
• A common method is to use digital methods of data collection where possible
  • These subsequently reduce uncertainties that are a result of human error (e.g., reaction time)

Software & Tools

• Graph plotting and data analysis software, such as Microsoft Excel, can be an invaluable tool
  • Spreadsheets provide a very effective way of processing data, particularly when the amount of data is large
• Cameras can be used to take photos in experiments that happen too quickly to read a scale
  • A camera can be used to take a photo burst as the experiment happens
  • The scale can then be read from the photos afterwards
  • If the time each photo is taken is known, or if the frame rate is known, then properties such as velocity can be calculated

Data Loggers

• Data loggers are a tool that allows for the quick and efficient gathering of data
  • They are more accurate, quick and reliable than manual logging
• The information contained within a data logger can be inputted into a computer and formatted into a table
• After this is done the computer is able to calculate the average and plot graphs using the data and calculate gradients which quicker and more accurately than humans

• They are electronic devices that automatically monitor and record environmental parameters over time such as temperature, pressure, voltage or current
  • It contains multiple sensors to receive the information and a computer chip to store it

A data logger measuring and displaying temperature using a probe

• The benefits of using data loggers and ICT (information and communication technology) include:
  • Readings are taken with higher degrees of accuracy
  • Reduction of human error (e.g. human reaction times, subjectiveness)
  • Readings can be taken over a long period of time e.g. hourly readings of temperature over many days
  • Readings can be taken in a very short period of time, which would be too quick for humans to see a difference
  • Reduction in safety risks with extreme conditions such as measuring the temperature of boiling water

Computer Modelling

Computer modelling uses a computer and sensors to analyse and display data

Making Methods Reproducible

• To improve upon an experimental method, it could be made more reproducible
• This is the ability to be properly reproduced for other scientists to also see if they get the same results
•  For example, when measuring the resistivity of a wire, a constantan wire may be used
• If the same method is used to measure an accurate value of the resistivity of copper or aluminium, then this means the method is properly reproducible 
• A further discussion of similarities and / or differences between the three wire materials can then be analysed 
• Another example could be when measuring the count rate of a gamma ray source
• By using a more or less active source, more differentiation in their readings can be achieved