CIE IGCSE Chemistry

Topic Questions

IGCSEChemistryCIETopic Questions11. Organic Chemistry11.3 Polymers

11.3 Polymers

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1a4 marks

Cracking is used to convert long chain alkanes into shorter chain alkanes and alkenes. Alkenes are unsaturated compounds.

Decane, C10H22, can be cracked to give propene and one other product.

 
i)
Complete the chemical equation.
 
C10H22 → C3H6 + ...............
 
[1]
 
ii)
What is meant by the term unsaturated?
 
[1]
 
iii)
Describe a test to show that propene is an unsaturated compound.
 
test ......................................................................................................................................
 
result ...................................................................................................................................
 
[2]

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1b4 marks

Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only

Propene can be polymerised. The only product is polypropene. The equation for the polymerisation is:

 
i)
Name the type of polymerisation that occurs.
 
[1]
 
ii)
Deduce the maximum mass of polypropene that could be produced from 1 kg of propene.
 
............... kg [1]
 
iii)
Give the empirical formula of:
 
propene ............................................................................. 
 
polypropene .............................................................................
 
[2]

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2a1 mark

Extended Only

Carboxylic acids can be converted into esters.

Polyesters are polymers made from dicarboxylic acids.

Name the other type of organic compound used in the formation of polyesters.

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2b1 mark

Extended Only

Name the type of polymerisation used in the manufacture of polyesters.

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31 mark

Extended Only

There are three functional groups in compound A.

q6c-0620-s20-qp-42-1

Compound A can be used as a single monomer to produce two different polymers.

What type of condensation polymer is formed from compound A?

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4a1 mark

Extended Only

Coal gas is made by heating coal in the absence of air.
The list shows the main gases present in coal gas.


carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
ethene
hydrogen
methane
nitrogen

Ethene molecules react with each other to form poly(ethene).

What is the name given to this type of chemical reaction?

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4b1 mark

Extended Only

Which one of the following words describes the ethene molecules in this reaction?
Draw a circle around the correct answer.


elements                 mixtures                 monomers             polymers

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4c1 mark

Separate: Chemistry Only

Poly(ethene) is a non-biodegradable plastic.
What is meant by the term non-biodegradable?

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4d1 mark

Separate: Chemistry Only

Describe one pollution problem caused by non-biodegradable plastics.

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5a1 mark

Extended Only

Poly(ethene) is made by the polymerisation of ethene.
Which one of the structures represents part of a poly(ethene) molecule?

Tick one box.



q5d-0620_s19_qp_32

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5b1 mark

Nylon is also a polymer.

Part of the structure of nylon is shown.

q5eii-0620_s19_qp_32

How many different types of atom are shown in this structure?

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6a1 mark

Extended Only

The structures of five alkenes, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.

q5-0620_s19_qp_41-1

Alkene C can be converted into a polymer.

q5g-0620_s19_qp_41

What type of polymerisation occurs?

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6b1 mark

Extended Only

Suggest the name of the polymer formed.

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6c3 marks

Extended Only

Complete the chemical equation to show this polymerisation.

q5giii-0620_s19_qp_41

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6d1 mark

Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only

State the empirical formula of the polymer formed.

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1a2 marks

There are two types of polymerisation, addition and condensation.

Explain the difference between these two types of polymerisation.

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1b2 marks

Some plastics, formed by polymerisation, are non-biodegradable.

Describe two pollution problems that are caused by non-biodegradable plastics.

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1c1 mark

The polymer known as PVA is used in paints and adhesives. Its structural formula is shown below.

 

pva-polymer

 

Deduce the structural formula of its monomer.

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1d3 marks

A condensation polymer can be made from the following monomers.

 
HOOC(CH2)4COOH and H2N(CH2)6NH2

 

Draw the structural formula of this polymer.

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2a5 marks

A South Korean chemist has discovered a cure for smelly socks. Small particles of silver are attached to a polymer, poly(propene), and this is woven into the socks.

i)
Give the structural formula of the monomer.

[1]

ii)
Draw the structural formula of the polymer.

[2]

iii)
Suggest which one, monomer or polymer, will react with aqueous bromine and why?

[2]

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2b3 marks

To show that the polymer contains silver the following test was carried out. 


The polymer fibres were chopped into small pieces and warmed with nitric acid. The silver atoms were oxidised to silver(I) ions. The mixture was filtered. Aqueous sodium chloride was added to the filtrate and a white precipitate formed.

i)
Why was the mixture filtered?

[1]

ii)
Explain why the change of silver atoms to silver ions is oxidation.

[1]

iii)
Give the name of the white precipitate.

[1]

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2c3 marks

Propanoic acid is a weak acid.

i)
The following equation represents its reaction with ammonia.

CH3CH2COOH + NH3 → CH3CH2COO–+ NH4+

Explain why propanoic acid behaves as an acid and ammonia as a base.

[2]

ii)
Explain the expression weak acid.

[1]

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3a3 marks

Monomers polymerise to form polymers or macromolecules.

i)
Explain the term polymerise.
 
[1]
 
ii)
There are two types of polymerisation - addition and condensation. What is the difference between them?
 
[2]

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3b6 marks

An important monomer is chloroethene which has the structural formula shown below.

chloroethene
 

It is made by the following method.

 
C2H4 + Cl2 → C2H4Cl2 dichloromethane
 

This is heated to make chloroethene.

 
C2H4Cl2 → C2H3Cl + HCl
 
i)
Ethene is made by cracking alkanes. Complete the equation for cracking dodecane.
 
C12H26 → .................... + 2C2H4
 
[1]
 
Another method of making dichloroethane is from ethane.
 
C2H6 + 2Cl2 → C2H4Cl2 + 2HCl
 
ii)
Suggest a reason why the method using ethene is preferred.
 
[1]
 
iii)
Describe an industrial method of making chlorine.
 
[2]
 
iv)
Draw the structural formula of poly(chloroethene).
 
Include three monomer units.
 
[2]

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4a7 marks

Synthetic polymers are widely used in the modern world.

Their use has brought considerable advantages to modern life as well as some disadvantages.

 
i)
Suggest two advantages of a plastic bucket compared to a steel bucket.
 
[2]
 
ii)
Name two uses of man-made fibres, such as nylon and Terylene.
 
[2]
 
iii)
Describe the pollution caused by synthetic polymers.
 
[3]

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4b4 marks

One type of polymer is formed by addition polymerisation.

 
i)
The structural formula of an addition polymer is given below.
 
polypropene-polymer
 
Give the name and structural formula of the monomer.
 
name of monomer ..................................................
 
[1]
 
structural formula of monomer
 
[1]
 
ii)
Draw the structural formula of the addition polymer formed by the polymerisation of phenylethene. The structural formula of phenylethene is given below.
 
polyphenylethene-monomer
 
[2]

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4c4 marks

Nylon is made by condensation polymerisation. It has the structural formula shown below.

 
nylon-8-6
 
i)
Name the linkage in this polymer.
 
[1]
 
ii)
Name the natural macromolecules which have the same linkage.
 
[1]
 
iii)
Deduce the formulae of the two monomers which reacted to form the nylon and water.
 
monomer ...................................................................................................................
 
monomer ...................................................................................................................
 
[2]

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5a4 marks

Esters, fats and polyesters all contain the ester linkage.

The structural formula of an ester is given below.

 
butyl-ethanoate-q-image
 

Name two chemicals that could be used to make this ester and draw their structural formulae. Show all bonds.

 
names .................................................. and ..................................................
 
[2]
structural formulae .................................................. and ..................................................
 
[2]

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5b3 marks
i)
Draw the structural formula of a polyester such as Terylene.
 
[2]
 
ii)
Suggest a use for this polymer.
 
[1]

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5c
Sme Calculator4 marks

Cooking products, fats and vegetable oils, are mixtures of saturated and unsaturated esters.

 

The degree of unsaturation can be estimated by the following experiment. 4 drops of the oil are dissolved in 5 cm3 of ethanol. Dilute bromine water is added a drop at a time until the brown colour no longer disappears. Enough bromine has been added to the sample to react with all the double bonds.

 
cooking product mass of saturated fat in 100g of product / g mass of unsaturated fat in 100g of product / g number of drops of bromine water
margarine 35 35 5
butter 45 28 4
corn oil 10 84 12
soya oil 15 70 10
lard 38 56 ....................
 
i)
Complete the one blank space in the table.
 
[1]
 
ii)
Complete the equation for bromine reacting with a double bond.
 
general-alkene-and-br2
 
[2]
 
iii)
Using saturated fats in the diet is thought to be a major cause of heart disease.
 
Which of the products is the least likely to cause heart disease?
 
[1]
 

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5d
Sme Calculator3 marks

A better way of measuring the degree of unsaturation is to find the iodine number of the unsaturated compound. This is the mass of iodine that reacts with all the double bonds in 100 g of the fat.

Use the following information to calculate the number of double bonds in one molecule of the fat.


Mass of one mole of the fat is 884 g.


One mole of I2 reacts with one mole C=C.


The iodine number of the fat is 86.2 g.


Complete the following calculation.


100 g of fat reacts with 86.2 g of iodine.


884 g of fat reacts with .............................. g of iodine.


One mole of fat reacts with .............................. moles of iodine molecules.


Number of double bonds in one molecule of fat is ..............................

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6a3 marks

Polymers are extensively used in food packaging. Poly(dichloroethene) is used because gases can only diffuse through it very slowly. Polyesters have a high thermal stability and food can be cooked in a polyester bag.

The structure of poly(dichloroethene) is given below.

polydichlorethene

i)
Draw the structural formula of the monomer.

[1]

ii)
Explain why oxygen can diffuse faster through the polymer bag than carbon dioxide can.

[2]

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6b3 marks
i)
A polyester can be formed from the monomers HO-CH2CH2-OH and HOOC-C6H4-COOH. Draw the structure of this polyester.

[2]

ii)
Suggest what is meant by the term thermal stability.

[1]

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6c3 marks
i)
Describe two environmental problems caused by the disposal of plastic (polymer) waste.

[2]

ii)
The best way of disposing of plastic waste is recycling to form new plastics. What is another advantage of recycling plastics made from petroleum?

[1]

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7a3 marks

Alkanes and alkenes are both series of hydrocarbons.

i)
Explain the term hydrocarbon.
 
[1]
 
ii)
What is the difference between these two series of hydrocarbons?
 
[2]

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7b1 mark

Alkenes and simpler alkanes are made from long-chain alkanes by cracking.

Complete the following equation for the cracking of the alkane C20H42.

 

C20H42 → 2C4H8 + 2C2H4 + ...............

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7c7 marks

Alkenes such as butene and ethene are more reactive than alkanes.

Alkenes are used in the petrochemical industry to make a range of products, which includes polymers and alcohols.

 
i)
Dibromoethane is used as a pesticide. Complete the equation for its preparation from ethene.
 
ethene-q-image + Br2 →    
 
[1]
 
ii)
The structural formula of a poly(alkene) is given below.
 
polybut-2-ene-q-image
 
Deduce the structural formula of its monomer.
 
[2]
 
iii)
How is butanol made from butene, CH3–CH2–CH=CH2? Include an equation in your answer.
 
[2]
 
iv)
Cracking changes alkanes into alkenes. How could an alkene be converted into an alkane? Include an equation in your answer.
 
[2]

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7d
Sme Calculator4 marks

20c m3 of a hydrocarbon was burnt in 175 cm3 of oxygen. After cooling, the volume of the remaining gases was 125 cm3. The addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide removed carbon dioxide leaving 25 cm3 of unreacted oxygen.

 
i) volume of oxygen used = .......... cm3
 
[1]
 
ii) volume of carbon dioxide formed = .......... cm3
 
[1]
 
iii) Deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon and the balanced equation for the reaction.
 
[2]

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8a7 marks

Esters occur naturally in plants and animals. They are manufactured from petroleum. Ethyl ethanoate and butyl ethanoate are industrially important as solvents.

i)        Explain the term solvent.
 
[1]
 
ii)
Give the formula of ethyl ethanoate.
 
[1]
 
iii)
Ethyl ethanoate can be made from ethanol and ethanoic acid. Describe how these chemicals can be made.
 
ethanol from ethene ..................................................
 
[2]
 
ethanoic acid from ethanol ..................................................
 
[2]
 
iv)
Name two chemicals from which butyl ethanoate can be made.
 
[1]

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8b3 marks

A polymer has the structure shown below.

 
general-polymer
 
(i) What type of polymer is this?
 
[1]
 
(ii) Complete the following to give the structures of the two monomers from which the above polymer could be made.
 
general-polymer-units
 
[2]

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9a2 marks

Petroleum is a source of many important chemicals.

Name two industrial processes which must take place to produce alkenes from petroleum.

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9b4 marks

Ethene, CH2=CH2, and propene, CH2=CHCH3, can both be converted into polymers.

 
i)
What type of polymerisation takes place when ethene forms a polymer?
 
[1]
 
ii)
What is the empirical formula of the polymer formed from ethene?
 
[1]
 
iii)
Propene has the structural formula CH2=CHCH3.
 
Draw two repeat units of the polymer made from propene.
 
[2]

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9c2 marks

Ethene will react with steam to form ethanol.

Propene will react with steam to form two isomers, both of which are alcohols.

Suggest the structures of these alcohols.

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9d5 marks

Esters are organic chemicals noted for their characteristic smells. Ethanoic acid and methanol will react to form an ester.

 
i)
Name the catalyst needed to form an ester from ethanoic acid and methanol.
 
[1]
 
ii)
Name the ester formed when ethanoic acid reacts with methanol.
 
[1]
 
iii)
Draw the structure of the ester formed when ethanoic acid reacts with methanol. Show all bonds.
 
[2]
 
iv)
Give the name of a polyester.
 
[1]

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10a3 marks

Alkanes and alkenes are examples of hydrocarbons.

 
i)
What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?
 
[1]
 
ii)
Give the general formula of straight-chain
 
alkanes, ..................................................
 
alkenes. ..................................................
[2]

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10b
Sme Calculator4 marks

A compound X contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.

X contains 54.54% of carbon by mass, 9.09% of hydrogen by mass and 36.37% of oxygen by mass.

 
i)
Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.
 
[2]
ii)
Compound X has a relative molecular mass of 88.
 
Deduce the molecular formula of compound X.
 
[2]

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10c4 marks

An ester has the molecular formula C3H6O2.

Name and give the structural formulae of two esters with the molecular formula C3H6O2.

 
name of ester    


structural formula

    
 

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10d1 mark

Name the ester produced from the reaction of propanoic acid and methanol.

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10e4 marks

A polyester is represented by the structure shown.

 
polyester-general
 
i)
What type of polymerisation is used for the production of polyesters?
 
[1]
 
ii)
Which simple molecule is removed when the polyester is formed?
 
[1]
 
iii)
Complete the diagrams below to show the structures of the monomers used to produce the polyester. Show all atoms and bonds.
 
polyester-general-representations
 
[2]

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1a4 marks

Extended Only

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They show structural isomerism. Alkenes take part in addition reactions and form polymers.

Ethene reacts with each of the following. Give the name and structural formula of each product.

 
i)
steam
 
name of product ..........................................................
 
structure of product
 
[2]
 
ii)
hydrogen
 
name of product ...........................................................
 
structure of product
 
[2]

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1b6 marks

Extended Only

Islay is an island off the west coast of Scotland. The main industry on the island is making ethanol from barley.

Barley contains the complex carbohydrate, starch. Enzymes catalyse the hydrolysis of starch to a solution of glucose.

Alkenes polymerise by addition.

 
i)
Explain the term polymerise.
 
[2]
 
ii)
What is the difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation?
 
[2]
 
iii)
Poly(dichloroethene) is used extensively to package food. Draw its structure. The structural formula of dichloroethene is drawn below.
 

poly-dichloroethene

 
[2]

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2a2 marks

Separate: Chemistry Only

Lactic acid can be made from corn starch.

lactic-acid

lactic acid

It polymerises to form the polymer, polylactic acid (PLA ) which is biodegradable.

Suggest two advantages that PLA has compared with a polymer made from petroleum.

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2b5 marks

Extended Only

The structure of PLA is given below.

pla

i)
What type of compound contains the group that is circled?

[1]

ii)
Complete the following sentence.

Lactic acid molecules can form this group because they contain both an ............................. group and an ............................. group.

[2]

iii)
Is the formation of PLA, an addition or condensation polymerisation? Give a reason for your choice.

[2]

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2c6 marks

When lactic acid is heated, acrylic acid is formed.

lactic-acid-and-acrylic-acid

i)
Complete the word equation for the action of heat on lactic acid.

lactic acid → ..................................... + ..................................... 

[1]

ii)
Describe a test that would distinguish between lactic acid and acrylic acid.

test ............................................................................................................... 
result for lactic acid ............................................................................................................... 
result for acrylic acid ............................................................................................................... 

[3]

iii)
Describe a test, other than using an indicator, which would show that both chemicals contain an acid group.

test ............................................................................................................... 
result ............................................................................................................... 

[2]

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3a3 marks

Separate: Chemistry Only

Synthetic polymers are disposed of in landfill sites and by burning.

 

i)
Describe two problems caused by the disposal of synthetic polymers in landfill sites.
 
[2]
 
ii)
Describe one problem caused by burning synthetic polymers.
 
[1]

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3b1 mark

Extended Only

State two uses of synthetic polymers.

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3c5 marks

Extended Only

The structural formulae of two synthetic polymers are given below.

 
cie-polymer-pdf-1-q2c-image
 
i)
Draw the structural formula of the monomer of polymer A.
 
[2]
 
ii)
Identify the functional group circled in polymer B.
 
[1]
 
iii)
Deduce the two types of organic compound which have reacted to form polymer B.
 
[2]

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3d3 marks

Extended Only

Explain the difference between addition and condensation polymers. Classify A and B as either addition or condensation polymers.

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4a7 marks

Extended Only

Polymers are made by the polymerisation of simple molecules called monomers.

i)
The structural formula of a polymer is given below.
 
cie-polybutene-pdf-1-q4a-image
 
This polymer is made by addition polymerisation. Draw the structural formula of its monomer.
 
[1]
 
ii)
The two monomers shown below form a nylon which is a condensation polymer.
 
cie-nylon-monomers---polymers-pdf-1-q4a-image
 
Draw its structural formula showing one repeat unit of the polymer.
[3]
iii)
Name the natural macromolecule which contains the same linkage as nylon.
 
[1]
 
iv)
Explain the difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation.
 
[2]
 

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4b5 marks

Separate: Chemistry Only

Many polymers are non-biodegradable.

 
i)
Explain the term non-biodegradable.
 
[2]
 
ii)
State three problems caused by the disposal of non-biodegradable polymers.
 
[3]

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5a3 marks

Separate: Chemistry Only

Many monomer molecules react together to form one molecule of a polymer. This reaction is called polymerisation.

The structural formula of the polymer, poly(chloroethene), is given below. This polymer is also known as PVC.

 
sYqQiEl2_aqa-gcse-7-3h-tq-3a-polychloroethene-sketch
 
i)
A major use of PVC is insulation of electric cables. PVC is a poor conductor of electricity.
 
Suggest another property which makes it suitable for this use.
 
[1]
 
ii)
One way of disposing of waste PVC is by burning it. This method has the disadvantage that poisonous gases are formed.
 
Suggest two poisonous gases which could be formed by the combustion of PVC.
 
[2]

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5b3 marks

Extended Only

i)
Deduce the structural formula of the monomer from that of the polymer.
 
polypropene-polymer
 
structural formula of monomer ..................................................
 
[1]
 
ii)
Deduce the structural formula of the polymer, poly(phenylethene), from the formula of its monomer, phenylethene.
 
polyphenylethene-monomer
 
structural formula of polymer ..................................................
 
[2]

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5c2 marks

Extended Only

The carbohydrate, glucose, polymerises to form the more complex carbohydrate starch.

If glucose is represented by

 

basic-glucose-representation

 

then the structural formula of starch is as drawn below.

 

basic-glucose-polymer-representation

 

How does the polymerisation of glucose differ from that of an alkene such as phenylethene?

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6a1 mark

Domestic rubbish is disposed of in landfi ll sites. Rubbish could include the following items.

item of rubbish approximate time for
item to break down
newspaper  one month
cotton rag six months
woollen glove one year
aluminium container up to 500 years
styrofoam cup 1000 years

 

Explain why aluminium, a reactive metal, takes so long to corrode.

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6b2 marks

Extended Only

Both paper and cotton are complex carbohydrates. They can be hydrolysed to simple sugars such as glucose.

The formula of glucose can be represented as:

 

basic-glucose-representation

 

Draw the structural formula of a complex carbohydrate, such as cotton.

Include at least two glucose units.

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6c2 marks

Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only

i)
What is the scientific term used to describe polymers which do not break down in landfill sites?
 
[1]
 
ii)
Styrofoam is poly(phenylethene). It is an addition polymer. Its structural formula is given below. Deduce the structural formula of the monomer, phenylethene.
 
polyphenylethene-polymer
 
[1]

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7a4 marks

Separate: Chemistry Only

Plastics are polymers. They are formed from their monomers by polymerisation.

Two methods for the disposal of waste plastics are

  • burning
  • recycling.

Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of each method.

burning ..............................................................................................................................

recycling ...........................................................................................................................

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7b6 marks

Extended Only

i)
There are two types of polymerisation reaction. Give their names and explain the differences between them.
 
[4]
 
ii)
Give the structural formula of a polymer which is formed from two different monomers.
 
[2]

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8a2 marks

Extended Only

There are two types of polymerisation - addition and condensation.

Explain the difference between them.

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8b2 marks

Extended Only

Poly(dichloroethene) is used to package food. Draw its structure. The structural formula of dichloroethene is shown below.

 
poly-dichloroethene-q-image
 

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9a
Sme Calculator7 marks

Extended Only

Enzymes are biological catalysts. They are used both in research laboratories and in industry.

Enzymes called proteases can hydrolyse proteins to amino acids. The amino acids can be separated and identified by chromatography. The diagram below shows a typical chromatogram.

 
chromatography-results-cie
 
i)
The Rf value of a sample = fraction numerator distance space travelled space by space sample over denominator distance space travelled space by space solvent space front end fraction
 
Some Rf values for amino acids are:
 
  • glutamic acid = 0.4
  • glycine = 0.5
  • alanine = 0.7
  • leucine = 0.9
 
Identify the two amino acids on the chromatogram.
 
A is ..............................    B is ..............................
 
[2]
 
ii)
Explain why the chromatogram must be exposed to a locating agent before Rf values can be measured.
 
[1]
 
iii)
Measuring Rf values is one way of identifying amino acids on a chromatogram.
 
Suggest another.
 
[1]
 
iv)
The synthetic polymer, nylon, has the same linkage as proteins. Draw the structural formula of nylon.
 
[3]

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9b5 marks

Fermentation can be carried out in the apparatus drawn below. After a few days the reaction stops. It has produced a 12% aqueous solution of ethanol.

 
fermentation-apparatus
 
i)
Complete the equation.
 
C6H12O6 → .............................. + ..............................
glucose ethanol carbon dioxide 
 
[2]
 
ii)
Suggest a reason why the reaction stops after a few days.
 
[1]
 
iii)
Why is it essential that there is no oxygen in the flask?
 
[1]
 
iv)
What technique is used to concentrate the aqueous ethanol?
 
[1]

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10a4 marks

Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They undergo addition reactions.

Two of the methods of making alkenes are cracking and the thermal decomposition of chloroalkanes.

 
i)
Complete an equation for the cracking of the alkane, decane.
 
C10H22 →  ............................. + ......................................
decane  
  
ii)
Propene can be made by the thermal decomposition of chloropropane.
 
Describe how chloropropane can be made from propane.
 
reagents   propane and ..............................
 
conditions   ...................................................
 
[4]

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10b4 marks

Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only

The following alkenes are isomers.

 
butene-isomers-q-image
 
i)
Explain why they are isomers.
[2]
 
ii)
Give the name and structural formula of another hydrocarbon that is isomeric with the above.
 
name ......................................................
 
structural formula ......................................................
 
[2]

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10c3 marks

Extended Only

Give the name of the product when but-1-ene reacts with each of the following.

steam .........................................................

hydrogen ....................................................

bromine ......................................................

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10d7 marks

Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only

Alkenes can polymerise.

 
i)
Deduce the name and structural formula of the monomer from the structure of the polymer.
 
polypropene-repeat-unit
 
name of monomer .......................................................
 
structural formula .......................................................
 [2]
ii)
Draw the structure of the polymer formed from the following monomer.
 
ethenyl-ethanoate
 
[2]
 
iii)
Describe the pollution problems caused by the disposal of polymers in landfill sites and by burning.
 
landfill sites ..................................................
 
[2]
 
burning ..................................................
 
[1]

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11a3 marks

Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They show structural isomerism. Alkenes take part in addition reactions and form polymers.

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

Give an example of structural isomerism.

molecular formula ........................................

two structural formulae ........................................ and ........................................

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11b4 marks

Extended Only

Ethene reacts with each of the following. Give the name and structural formula of each product.

 
i)
steam
 
name of product ..........................................................
 
structure of product ..........................................................
 
[2]
 
ii)
hydrogen
 
name of product ...........................................................
 
structure of product ..........................................................
 
[2]

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11c6 marks

Extended Only

Alkenes polymerise by addition.

 
i)
Explain the term polymerise.
 
[2]
 
ii)
What is the difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation?
 
[2]
 
iii)
Poly(dichloroethene) is used extensively to package food. Draw its structure. The structural formula of dichloroethene is drawn below.
 
poly-dichloroethene
 
[2]

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12a
Sme Calculator4 marks

Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only

A compound X contains 82.76% of carbon by mass and 17.24% of hydrogen by mass.

 
i)
Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.
 
[2]
 
ii)
Compound X has a relative molecular mass of 58.
 
Deduce the molecular formula of compound X.
 
[2]

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12b2 marks

Separate: Chemistry Only

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

 
i)
State the general formula of alkenes.
 
[1]
 
ii)
State the empirical formula of alkenes.
 
[1]

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12c2 marks

What is meant by the term unsaturated hydrocarbon?

unsaturated ..................................................

hydrocarbon ..................................................

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12d3 marks

Describe a test that would distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

reagent ..................................................

observation (saturated hydrocarbon) ..................................................

observation (unsaturated hydrocarbon) ..................................................

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12e4 marks

Extended Only

Addition polymers can be made from alkenes. The diagram shows part of an addition polymer.

 
polybut-1-ene
 
i)
Draw a circle on the diagram to show one repeat unit in this polymer.
 
[1]
 
ii)
Give the structure and the name of the monomer used to make this polymer.
 
structure ..................................................
 
name ..................................................
 
[2]
 
iii)
Give the structure of an isomer of the alkene in (e)(ii).
[1]

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13a1 mark

Extended Only

Alkenes can form polymers.

What type of polymerisation occurs when alkenes form polymers?

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13b1 mark

Extended Only

Part of the structure of a polymer is shown.

q6cii-0620_s19_qp_43

Draw the structure of the alkene from which this polymer can be made. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

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13c2 marks

Extended Only

Part of the structure of a polyamide is shown.

q6d-1-0620_s19_qp_43

This polyamide is formed from identical monomers. Complete the diagram to show the structure of one monomer. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

 
q6d-2-0620_s19_qp_43

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