CIE IGCSE Chemistry

Topic Questions

IGCSEChemistryCIETopic Questions1. States of Matter1.1 Solids, Liquids & Gases

1.1 Solids, Liquids & Gases

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1a1 mark

Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only

The following table gives information about six substances.

1-2-q-3a

Which substance could have a macromolecular structure, similar to that of silicon(IV) oxide?

 

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1b1 mark

Which substances are solids at room temperature?

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1c1 mark

Extended Only

Which substance could be a metal?

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1d1 mark

Extended Only

Which substance could be aqueous sodium chloride?

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1e1 mark

Extended Only

Which substance is an ionic compound?

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1f1 mark

Which substances are liquids at room temperature?

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2a3 marks

Extended Only

Explain the following in terms of the kinetic particle theory.

The rate of most reactions increases at higher temperatures.

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2b3 marks

Extended Only

Explain the following in terms of the kinetic particle theory.

A liquid has a fixed volume but takes up the shape of the container. A gas takes up the shape of the container but it does not have a fixed volume.

cie-igcse-sq-1-1-q5b

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36 marks
The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical properties of the six substances A to F.
 

substance melting point / oC boiling point / oC electrical conductor
at room
temperature		 electrical
conductor of
substance
dissolved in water
A 961 2193 good does not dissolve
B 113 444 does not conduct  does not dissolve
C 0 100 very poor very poor
D 803 1465 does not conduct good
E -5 to-1 102-105 good good
F -8 -6 does not conduct does not dissolve

i)
Which three substances are solids at room temperature?
[1]
ii)
Which one is an ionic compound?
[1]
iii)
Which one is a gas at room temperature?
[1]
iv)
Which two substances are liquids at room temperature?
[1]
v)
Which one substance is a metal?
[1]
vi)
Which one is an impure substance?
[1]

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4a1 mark

Give the name of the process that occurs when a gas turns into a liquid.

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4b
Sme Calculator1 mark

Give the name of the process that occurs when a solid turns into a gas without first forming a liquid.

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4c3 marks

Figure 1.2 shows a coloured crystal of cobalt(II) chloride is placed at the bottom of a beaker containing water.

After two days, the colour has spread throughout the water.

Figure 1.2

 
q3_specimen-paper-0620-03-cie-igcse-chemistry

Explain these observations.

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5a3 marks

Complete Table 1.1 about solids, liquids and gases.

Table 1.1

  particle separation particle arrangement type of motion
solid   regular vibrate only
liquid some touching   random
gas apart random  

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5b1 mark

Extended Only

The graph shows the change in temperature as a sample of a gas is cooled.

q5b0620-s20-qp-43

Name the change of state taking place between A and B.

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5c2 marks

A bottle of liquid perfume is left open at the front of a room.

After some time, the perfume is smelt at the back of the room.

Name the two physical processes taking place.

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6a4 marks

This question is about bromine and compounds of bromine.

Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and type of motion of the molecules in:

Liquid bromine:

Bromine gas:

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6b1 mark

The graph shows how the volume of bromine gas changes with temperature. The pressure is kept constant.

 

q4b-0620_s19_qp_32 
Describe how the volume of the bromine gas changes with temperature.

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6c1 mark

Calcium melts at 839 °C and boils at 1484 °C.

What is the physical state of calcium at 1600 °C?

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7a4 marks

This question is about chlorine and compounds of chlorine.

Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and type of motion of the molecules in:

Solid chlorine:

Chlorine gas:

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7b
Sme Calculator1 mark

The graph shows how the pressure of chlorine gas changes when temperature increases. The volume is kept constant.

q4b-0620_s19_qp_33
 

Describe how the pressure of the chlorine gas changes with temperature.

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7c2 marks

The structure of compound S is shown.

q5-0620_s19_qp_33

The melting point of pure S is 159 °C.

The boiling point of pure S is 200 °C.

What is the physical state of pure S at 100 °C?

Explain your answer.

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1a4 marks

Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is a dark brown gas.

When nitrogen dioxide is cooled, it forms a yellow liquid and then pale yellow crystals.

These crystals are heated and the temperature is measured every minute. The following graph can be drawn.

states-of-matter-graph

i)
Describe the arrangement and movement of the molecules in the region A–B.

[3]

ii)
Name the change that occurs in the region B–C.

[1]

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1b4 marks

Extended Only

Nitrogen dioxide and other oxides of nitrogen are formed in car engines.

i)
Explain how these oxides are formed.

[2]

ii)
How are they removed from the exhaust gases?

[2]

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1c3 marks

Extended Only

Nitrogen dioxide, oxygen and water react to form dilute nitric acid.

Describe how lead(II) nitrate crystals could be prepared from dilute nitric acid and lead(II) oxide.

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2a3 marks

A small amount of liquid bromine is added to a container which is then sealed.

Br2(l) → Br2(g)

Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain why, after about an hour, the bromine molecules have spread uniformly to occupy the whole container.

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2b6 marks

Extended Only

The diagrams below show simple experiments on the speed of diffusion of gases.

1-2-q-2b-i
1-2-q-2b-ii

Complete the following explanations. Diagram 1 has been done for you.

Diagram 1
There is air inside and outside the porous pot so the rate of diffusion of air into the pot is the same as the rate of diffusion of air out of the pot. The pressure inside and outside the pot is the same so the coloured liquid is at the same level on each side of the tube.

Diagram 2.

................................

Diagram 3

................................

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3a5 marks

Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only

Acid-base reactions are examples of proton transfer.

Ethylamine is a weak base and sodium hydroxide is a strong base.

i)
In terms of proton transfer, explain what is meant by the term weak base.
[2]
ii)
Given aqueous solutions of both bases, describe how you could show that sodium hydroxide is the stronger base. How could you ensure a ‘fair’ comparison between the two solutions?
[3]

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3b4 marks

Ethylamine reacts with acids to form salts.

CH3CH2NH2      +     HCl    →   CH3CH2NH3Cl

                                                                ethylammonium chloride

i)
Complete the equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and ethylamine. Name the salt formed.

......  CH3CH2NH2       +       ............     →     .........................

Name of salt ........................................................................
[3]
ii)
Amines and their salts have similar chemical properties to ammonia and ammonium salts.
Suggest a reagent that could be used to displace the weak base, ethylamine, from its salt ethylammonium chloride.
[1]

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3c5 marks

Extended Only

Gases diffuse, which means that they move to occupy the total available volume.

i)
Explain, using kinetic particle theory, why gases diffuse.
[2]
ii)
When the colourless gases hydrogen bromide and ethylamine come into contact, a white solid is formed.

CH3CH2NH2 (g) + HBr (g)     →     CH3CH2NH3Br (s)
     white solid

The following apparatus can be used to compare the rates of diffusion of the two gases ethylamine and hydrogen bromide.

1-3-q1


Predict at which position, A, B or C, the white solid will form. Explain your choice.

[3]

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4a2 marks

Extended Only

Different gases diffuse at different speeds.

i)
What is meant by the term diffusion?
[1]
ii)
What property of a gas molecule affects the speed at which it diffuses?

[1]

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4b2 marks

Extended Only

Helium is a gas used to fill balloons. It is present in the air in very small quantities. Diffusion can be used to separate it from the air.
Air at 1000°C is on one side of a porous barrier. The air which passes through the barrier has a larger amount of helium in it.

i)
Why does the air on the other side of the barrier contain more helium?
[1]
ii)
Why is it an advantage to have the air at a high temperature?
[1]

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4c3 marks

Most helium is obtained from natural gas found in the USA. Natural gas contains methane and 7% helium. One possible way to obtain the helium would be to burn the methane.

i)
Write an equation for the complete combustion of methane.
[1]
ii)
Suggest why this would not be a suitable method to obtain the helium.
[1]
iii)
Suggest another method, other than diffusion, by which helium could be separated from the mixture of gases in natural gas.
[1]

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5a1 mark

Extended Only

Z is a covalent substance. In an experiment, a sample of pure solid Z was continually heated for 11 minutes.

The graph shows how the temperature of the sample of pure Z changed during the first 9 minutes.

q2-0620_s19_qp_41

What is the melting point of pure Z?

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5b1 mark

Extended Only

The sample of pure Z began to boil at 9 minutes. It was boiled for 2 minutes.
 
Use this information to sketch on the grid, in part (a), how the temperature of the sample of pure Z changed between 9 minutes and 11 minutes.

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5c2 marks

Extended Only

The sample of pure Z was continually heated between 2 minutes and 5 minutes.
 
Explain, in terms of attractive forces, why there was no increase in the temperature of the sample of pure Z between 2 minutes and 5 minutes.

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5d2 marks

Extended Only

Describe how the motion of particles of pure Z changed from 0 minutes to 2 minutes.

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5e2 marks

The experiment was repeated using a solid sample of impure Z.

Suggest the differences, if any, in the melting point and boiling point of the sample of impure Z compared to the sample of pure Z.

melting point:

boiling point:

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5f2 marks

Extended Only

A sample of pure Z was allowed to cool from 120 °C to 20 °C. The total time taken was 8 minutes.

q2f-0620_s19_qp_41

 

Starting from point ×, sketch on the grid how the temperature of the sample of pure Z changed between 0 minutes and 8 minutes.

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6a5 marks

Extended Only

Kinetic theory explains the properties of matter in terms of the arrangement and movement of particles.

Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature. Nitrogen molecules, N2, are spread far apart and move in a random manner at high speed.

i)
Draw the electronic structure of a nitrogen molecule.
Show only the outer electron shells.

[2]

ii)
Compare the movement and arrangement of the molecules in solid nitrogen to those in nitrogen gas.

[3]

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6b2 marks

Extended Only

A sealed container contains nitrogen gas. The pressure of the gas is due to the molecules of the gas hitting the walls of the container.

Use the kinetic theory to explain why the pressure inside the container increases when the temperature is increased.

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6c3 marks

Extended Only

The following apparatus can be used to measure the rate of diffusion of a gas.

cie-igcse-sq-1-1-qac

The following results were obtained.

gas temperature/ oC rate of diffusion in cm3 / min
nitrogen 25 1.00
chlorine 25 0.63
nitrogen 50 1.05

i)
Explain why nitrogen gas diffuses faster than chlorine gas.

[2]

ii)
Explain why the nitrogen gas diffuses faster at the higher temperature.
[1]

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1a8 marks

Extended Only

Concentrated ammonia solution gives off ammonia gas. Concentrated hydrochloric acid gives off hydrogen chloride gas. Ammonia, NH3, and hydrogen chloride, HCl, are both colourless gases. Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to make the white solid ammonium chloride.

Apparatus is set up as shown.

cie-igcse-sq-1-1-q2

After ten minutes a white solid forms in the tube where the gases meet.

i)
Write the chemical equation for the reaction of ammonia with hydrogen chloride.
[1]
ii)
Name the process by which the ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases move in the tube.
[1]
iii)
At which point, A, B, C or D, does the white solid form? Explain why the white solid forms at that point.
[3]
iv)
The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.
Predict how the results of the experiment would be different. Explain your answer.
[3]

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1b6 marks

Some of the white solid is removed from the tube and dissolved in water.

Describe how the white solid could be tested to show it contains:

i)
Ammonium ions.
Test ...........................
Result .......................
[3]
ii)
Chloride ions.
Test .........................
Result .....................

[3]

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1c4 marks

Extended Only

The diagram shows the electron arrangement in a molecule of ammonia, showing only outer shell electrons.

cie-igcse-sq-1-1-q2b
i)
State the type of bonding in ammonia.
[1]
ii)
Hydrazine, N2H4, is another compound of nitrogen and hydrogen.
Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of hydrazine,
showing only outer shell electrons.
cie-igcse-sq-1-1-q2bii
[3]

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1d3 marks

Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only

Nylon and proteins are both polymers containing nitrogen.

i)
Name the linkages found in the polymers of nylon and protein.

[1]

ii)
Describe one difference in the structures of nylon and protein.
[1]
iii)
What is the general name given to the products of hydrolysis of proteins?
[1]

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1e1 mark

Extended Only

Suggest the structure of the monomer used to make the polymer shown.

cie-igcse-sq-1-1-q2e

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2a4 marks

Extended Only

Compound X is a colourless liquid at room temperature.

A sample of pure X was slowly heated from –5.0 °C, which is below its melting point, to 90 °C, which is above its boiling point. Its temperature is measured every minute and the results are represented on the graph.

cie-igcse-sq-1-1-q3a

i)
Complete the equation for the equilibrium present in the region BC.
X (s) rightwards harpoon over leftwards harpoon....................
[1]
ii)
What is the significance of temperature t °C?
[1]
iii)
What is the physical state of compound X in the region EF?
[1]
iv)
What would be the difference in the region BC if an impure sample of X had been used?
[1]



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2b5 marks

Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only

Compound X is a hydrocarbon. It contains 85.7% of carbon. The mass of one mole of X is 84 g.

i)
What is the percentage of hydrogen in the compound ?
[1]
ii)
Calculate the empirical formula of X. Show your working.
[3]
iii)
What is the molecular formula of compound X?
[1]

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3a1 mark

Extended Only

The diagram shows a heating curve for a sample of compound X.

cie-igcse-sq-1-1-q6a

Is X a solid, a liquid or a gas at room temperature, 20 °C?

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3b1 mark

Extended Only

Write an equation for the equilibrium which exists in region BC.

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3c1 mark

Extended Only

Name the change of state which occurs in region DE.

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3d2 marks

Extended Only

Explain how the curve shows that a pure sample of compound X was used.

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4a8 marks

Extended Only

Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid at room temperature. It has the typical acid properties and forms compounds called ethanoates.

A pure sample of ethanoic acid is slowly heated from 0 oC to 150 oC and its temperature is measured every minute. The results are represented on the graph below.

1-3-q5a

i)
Name the change that occurs in the region D to E.
[1]
ii)
What would be the difference in the region B to C if an impure sample had been used?
[1]
iii)
Sketch on the graph how the line would continue if the acid was heated to a higher temperature.
[1]

iv)
Complete the following table that compares the separation and movement of the molecules in regions C to D with those in E to F.

  C to D E to F

separation (distance
between particles)

    

movement of particles

  random and slow  

Can particles move apart to
fill any volume?

    

[5]

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4b2 marks

Complete the word equations for the reactions of ethanoic acid.

calcium + ethanoic acid → ................................................ +  .........................................

................................................  +  ethanoic acid   →  zinc ethanoate + water

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4c2 marks

Write the symbol equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide.

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5a4 marks

Element X can undergo the following physical changes.

Figure 1.1

q1_specimen-paper-0620-03-cie-igcse-chemistry

Name each of the numbered physical changes shown in Figure 1.

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5b1 mark

One difference between boiling and evaporation is the rate at which the processes occur.

State one other difference between boiling and evaporation.

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5c3 marks

Element X can undergo the following physical changes.

Figure 1.1

q1_specimen-paper-0620-03-cie-igcse-chemistry

Describe the separation, arrangement and motion of particles of element X in the solid state.

 
Separation: ..................................................
 
Arrangement: ..................................................
 
Motion: ..................................................

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6a4 marks

This question is about iodine and compounds of iodine.

Use the kinetic particle model to describe the separation between the molecules and the type of motion of the molecules in:

Solid iodine:

Iodine gas:

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6b1 mark

The graph shows how the volume of iodine gas changes with pressure. The temperature is kept constant.

q4b-0620_s19_qp_31

Describe how the volume of iodine gas changes with pressure.

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6c2 marks

Sulfur dioxide melts at –73 °C and boils at –10 °C.

What is the physical state of sulfur dioxide at –20 °C?

Explain your answer.

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