Define respiration.
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Define respiration.
Respiration is a chemical reaction carried out in all living organisms to release energy from glucose.
True or False?
Respiration occurs only in the presence of oxygen.
False.
Respiration can occur with oxygen (aerobic) or without oxygen (anaerobic).
What are the waste products of aerobic respiration?
The waste products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water.
In what form is energy transferred during respiration?
Energy is transferred in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) during respiration.
How does respiration differ from gas exchange?
Respiration releases energy from glucose using oxygen, while gas exchange involves getting oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.
What are three uses of energy in living organisms?
Energy is used for (three from):
chemical reactions
muscle contraction
maintaining body temperature
growth and cell division
active transport
passage of nerve impulses
protein synthesis
True or False?
Cellular respiration is an endothermic reaction, meaning the reaction absorbs heat.
False.
Cellular respiration is an exothermic reaction as it releases heat.
What is ATP?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that is produced during respiration and provides energy in living organisms.
Where is ATP produced in the cell?
ATP is produced in the mitochondria.
Define the role of ATP.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that releases energy for cellular processes.
What is the primary source of energy in cellular respiration?
Glucose is the primary source of energy in cellular respiration.
True or False?
ATP is only produced during aerobic respiration.
False.
ATP is produced during both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, however, less ATP is produced in anaerobic respiration.
What is the difference between the reactants in aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
The reactants in aerobic respiration include oxygen, while the reactants in anaerobic respiration do not include oxygen.
True or False?
Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
True.
Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
Define aerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration is the process of releasing energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen.
Define anaerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration is the process of releasing energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen.
What are the waste product(s) of anaerobic respiration in animals?
The waste product of anaerobic respiration in animals is lactic acid.
True or False?
Anaerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen.
False.
Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen.
What is the source of energy for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Glucose is the source of energy for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
True or False?
Anaerobic respiration involves the complete breakdown of glucose.
False.
Anaerobic respiration involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose into lactic acid which is later broken down further as oxygen becomes available.
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ energy)
Write the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
True or False?
In the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration, six molecules of glucose combines with six molecules of oxygen.
False.
In the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose combines with six molecules of oxygen.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
What are the reactants of aerobic respiration?
The reactants of aerobic respiration are glucose and oxygen.
(Reactants can be given in any order)
What are the products of aerobic respiration?
The products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water.
(Products can be given in any order)
Which organelle is the site of aerobic respiration?
The mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration is the chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen.
True or False?
Anaerobic respiration requires oxygen.
False.
Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen.
When does anaerobic respiration mainly occur in animals?
Anaerobic respiration mainly occurs in muscle cells during vigorous exercise.
In which organism is lactic acid created through anaerobic respiration?
Lactic acid is created during anaerobic respiration in animals.
Write the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals.
The word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals is:
Glucose → Lactic Acid.
Which reactant should be included in the equation below to complete the balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
________→ 2C3H6O3.
Glucose (C6H12O6) should be included in the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in animals:
C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3.
What is the term used to describe the buildup of lactic acid in muscle cells?
The buildup of lactic acid in muscle cells is referred to as 'oxygen debt'.
Define fermentation.
Fermentation is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide.
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi?
The word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi is:
Glucose → Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide.
Which other product should be included in the equation below to complete the balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + _______
Carbon dioxide (CO2) should be included in the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast:
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Which organism respires anaerobically to produce carbon dioxide and ethanol?
Yeast respires anaerobically to produce carbon dioxide and ethanol.
What is the purpose of the core practical: Investigating respiration?
The purpose is to demonstrate the production of carbon dioxide and heat energy during respiration using different organisms.
Name three pieces of apparatus required for the core practical: Investigating carbon dioxide production in seeds.
The apparatus required for the investigation of carbon dioxide production in seeds include:
Boiling tubes
Rubber bungs
Hydrogen carbonate indicator solution
Cotton wool
Glass beads
Germinating seeds
Boiled/dead seeds
What is the role of the hydrogen carbonate indicator when investigating respiration in seeds?
Hydrogen carbonate indicator detects changes in carbon dioxide levels by changing colour.
What colour indicates high carbon dioxide levels in the hydrogen carbonate indicator? (CORMMS)
Yellow indicates high carbon dioxide levels in the hydrogen carbonate indicator.
This is part of the CORMMS criteria for measuring the dependent variable.
What results would you expect from hydrogen carbonate indicator in a tube containing dead or boiled seeds, when investigating respiration?
Hydrogen carbonate indicator would remain orange because dead or boiled seeds would not be respiring so no carbon dioxide would be produced.
Why would a thermometer show an increase in temperature when investigating respiration with live seeds or other living organisms?
Living/germinating seeds or other living organisms are respiring and releasing heat energy that would be detected by a thermometer.
Name the independent variable when investigating respiration in seeds or other living organisms. (CORMMS)
The independent variable when investigating respiration in seeds or other living organisms is to change whether the seeds are living or dead.
This is part of the CORMMS criteria for planning a practical.
What are two control variables required when investigating respiration and the production of heat? (CORMMS)
The control variables required when investigating respiration and the production of heat include:
Number and type of seeds
The starting temperature of the flasks
Material and size of the flasks
This is part of the CORMMS criteria for planning an investigation.
When investigating respiration using hydrogen carbonate indicator and seeds what colour change would be expected in a control tube containing glass beads instead of seeds?
In a control tube containing glass beads instead of seeds when investigating respiration there would be no colour change in hydrogen carbonate indicator, it will remain orange. This is because there is no change in carbon dioxide levels in the tube.
When investigating temperature changes of respiring seeds why is a vacuum flask used to contain the seeds during the experiment?
When investigating temperature changes of respiring seeds a vacuum flask is used to contain the seeds during the experiment because it is insulated. This means that heat energy does not escape the apparatus.