What separates cells from their surrounding environment?
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What separates cells from their surrounding environment?
The cell membrane separates cells from their surrounding environment.
Name the largest organelle present within animal cells.
The largest organelle within animal cells is the nucleus.
Name the structures present in plant cells that are not present in animal cells.
Plant cells have the following structures that are not present in animal cells:
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Permanent vacuole
True or False?
Ribosomes are present in both plant and animal cells.
True.
Ribosomes are present in plant and animal cells. They are the site of protein synthesis.
Name three organelles found within animal cells.
Organelles present within animal cells are:
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Note that structures such as the cell membrane and cytoplasm are not organelles, so are not acceptable answers here.
What is the smallest organelle present in both plant and animal cells?
Ribosomes are the smallest organelle; they are present in both plant and animal cells.
True or False?
The gel-like fluid present inside both plant and animal cells is the chloroplast.
False.
The gel-like fluid present in plant and animal cells is the cytoplasm. Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells.
True or False?
The role of the nucleus is to release energy for the cell.
False.
The role of the nucleus is to store genetic information in the form of DNA. Energy is released by the mitochondria.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
The cell membrane controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
True or False?
Muscle cells are likely to contain more mitochondria than skin cells.
True.
Muscle cells are likely to contain more mitochondria than skin cells. This is because they are more metabolically active, so will need more energy from respiration, the process that occurs inside mitochondria.
True or False?
Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration.
True.
Mitochondria are responsible for releasing energy through the process of aerobic respiration.
True or False?
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
True.
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, the process by which proteins are made.
What is the role of cell cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm is the site of chemical reactions inside cells.
What is the function of chloroplasts within plant cells?
Chloroplasts absorb light energy during the process of photosynthesis.
True or False?
Plant cell walls are responsible for controlling the passage of substances in and out of cells.
False.
Plant cell walls provide strength and additional structural support for plant cells. It is the membrane that regulates the passage of substances.
What is the function of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?
The permanent vacuole stores cell sap and provides structural support for plant cells.
True or False?
Animal cells have mitochondria, ribosomes and a cell wall.
False.
Animal cells contain mitochondria and ribosomes but do not have cell walls. Cell walls are a feature of plant cells.
Give three differences between plant and animal cells.
Three differences between plant and animal cells are:
Plant cells contain chloroplasts while animal cells do not
Plant cells have a cell wall while animal cells do not
Plant cells have a permanent vacuole while animal cells do not
Describe the permanent vacuole.
The permanent vacuole in plant cells is a membrane-bound structure that stores cell sap and helps maintain cell shape.
True or False?
Mitochondria are the site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
False.
Mitochondria are the site of (aerobic) respiration. Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.
True or False?
Cell membranes provide structural support to plant and animal cells.
False.
The cell membrane does not have a rigid structure so does not provide any structural support. Its role is to control what enters and leaves the cell.
Which cellular structure contains the genetic material in both plant and animal cells?
The nucleus contains the genetic material, DNA, in both plant and animal cells.
List the structural features that are found in both plant and animal cells.
Structural features present in both plant and animal cells are:
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
True or False?
Plant cells do not contain mitochondria.
False.
Plant cells do contain mitochondria. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration, a process that is essential for both plant and animal cells.
What is cell differentiation?
Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised.
True or False?
Almost all cells in a multicellular organism contain different genetic information.
False.
Almost all cells in a multicellular organism contain the same genetic information.
Define the term specialised cell.
Specialised cells are cells that have developed specific characteristics that allow them to perform particular functions.
What determines the features of specialised cells?
The features of specialised cells are determined by the expression of genes in the nucleus.
How are red blood cells specialised to carry out their function?
Red blood cells have a large surface area to increase diffusion of oxygen and contain haemoglobin which binds to and transports oxygen. They have no nucleus to allow more space for haemoglobin.
Give an example of a specialised plant cell.
Examples of specialised plant cells include:
Root hair cell
Palisade mesophyll cell
Xylem vessel
True or False?
Root hair cells have an increased surface area.
True.
Root hair cells have an increased surface area to allow increased absorption of water and mineral ions from the soil.
Give an example of a specialised animal cell.
Examples of specialised animal cells include:
Red blood cells
Nerve cells
Ciliated epithelial cells
Sperm / egg cells
Muscle cells
Define the term stem cell.
A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that can differentiate to form other cell types and that can divide an unlimited number of times.
True or False?
Embryonic stem cells can differentiate to produce most cell types.
True.
Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into most, or in some cases all, cell types. This enables them to form the tissues and organs needed during development.
What are the potential applications of stem cells in medicine?
Stem cells could potentially cure diseases such as diabetes and paralysis, and repair or replace damaged organs.
True or False?
There is risk from infection or mutation when transferring lab-cultured stem cells into a patient.
True.
Stem cells cultured in a lab could become infected, or could accumulate mutations. These could be passed to the patient during therapy.
What is the potential benefit of being able to use a patient's own stem cells in medical treatment?
A potential benefit of being able to use a patient's own stem cells in medical treatment is that stem cells from the same patient would not be rejected by the patient's immune system.
True or False?
There are ethical issues associated with the use of embryonic stem cells in medicine.
True.
Many have ethical concerns around the use of embryonic stem cells in medicine. These concerns are related to whether or not embryos should have human rights. Concerns include:
Destruction of embryos
Embryos cannot give consent
Embryos are treated as a commodity
True or False?
Adult stem cells have a limited capacity to differentiate.
True.
Adult stem cells have a limited ability to differentiate; they can only give rise to a few cell types.