9.4 Reproduction in Plants

Complex control mechanisms exist to ensure that a flowering plant does not flower too early in the season.

Explain one disadvantage of flowering too early in the season.  

The graph shows the average sunrise, sunset and daylight times for a region of northern UK.

The figures along the centre of the graph are the duration of daylight hours in hours:minutes.

Strawberry plants flower with small, white flowers as shown in the image below. 

Later on, the flowering body develops into the characteristic red, juicy fruits that the plants are grown for. 

Using the data in the chart and the fact that the strawberry is a day-neutral plant, predict the month when flowers start to appear on strawberry plants in the northern UK.  Give a reason for your prediction. 

Some flowering plants sense stimuli from air and soil temperature fluctuations and express flowering genes in response to changes in those stimuli. 

Give one reason why flowering based solely on temperature stimuli would be disadvantageous to a plant. 

A floriculture company supplying florists shops with flowers uses large commercial growing sheds to cultivate flowers on a large scale. Artificial lighting is controlled to provide optimal lighting conditions. 

Spectra A and B below are those produced by two separate lighting gantries inside the sheds.

Suggest which lighting system is used for the times when flowers are beginning to bloom and give a reason for your answer. 

Studies of flowering in thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) have revealed that a gene called Flowering Locus T (or FT for short) is expressed when certain repressor proteins are absent.

The FT gene is expressed in the leaf but has its effect in the apical meristem. 

Suggest the structure in which FT protein reaches the apical meristem. 

Vernalisation is a term used to describe a prolonged period of low temperature, which acts as one environmental stimulus to ensure that flowering occurs in the appropriate season of the year – spring, in many species. 

Species that rely on vernalisation are more commonly found in temperate regions of the Earth, as opposed to tropical regions.

Suggest why. 

Research into vernalisation in cereal crops has identified differences in the genetic makeup of winter and spring varieties of important crops like barley and wheat. 

Much of the research has uncovered epigenetic effects that govern the expression of important flower-producing genes. 

Outline what is meant by 'epigenetic effects' in this context.  

The diagram shows an effect of the plant hormone gibberellin.

The level of gibberellin affects the internodal distance of a plant; this is the length of stem between each set of leaves. 

Suggest how the levels of gibberellin may vary between each of the three plants shown. Give a reason for your suggestion.

Outline the events that take place during the germination of a seed.  

In exploring the effects of subjecting germinating seeds to different growth conditions, the following experiment was set up.  

Method summary:

• Set up 4 test tubes, each containing cress seeds on cotton wool
• For test tube A, cotton wool left dry
• For test tube B, add enough water to the cotton wool so that it becomes moist
• For test tube C, add enough water to cover the cotton wool and seeds, then carefully add a layer of oil on top of the water
• For test tube D, add enough water to the cotton wool so that it becomes moist
• Leave tubes A, B and C at room temperature or incubated at a specific temperature e.g. 20 °C
• Place tube D in a fridge at approximately 4 °C
• Compare the results and see which tube has the greatest number of germinated seeds

Outline the control variables that the scientists would need to adhere to in order to produce valid data. 

Rather than counting the number of seeds that had germinated at the end of the experiment, suggest a more accurate measure of the dependent variable. 

One mark is available for clarity of communication throughout this question.

Compare and contrast the methods employed by plants for pollen distribution and seed dispersal.  

Explain the process by which phytochrome P_R and phytochrome P_FR control flowering in a typical long-day plant.  

The cut-flower industry goes to great lengths to ensure that flowers reach their end-use customers in their best condition, showing vigour and bloom to maximal effect.

This presents particular logistical and scientific challenges at times of high demand such as Valentine's Day and Mothers' Day. 

Summarise the methods used to ensure that cut flowers reach their end-use customers in the best possible condition. 

Poinsettias are short-day plants that are popular in Christmas floral decorations.

State how poinsettias can be induced to flower in the Southern Hemisphere where it will be summer at Christmas time.

Explain why the relationship between flowering plants and pollinators can be considered mutualistic.

The following diagram shows the reproductive parts of two flowers of the same species.

Identify structures A to C and state how each contributes to the process of sexual reproduction in the plant.

Pollination is the first step in sexual reproduction in plants.

Describe the events that occur after a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower until fertilisation happens.

The following table shows the number of honey bee colonies documented by a beekeeper on a farm from 2008 to 2018.

Calculate the percentage decrease in bee colonies from 2008 to 2018.

Describe the impacts that a decline in pollinators would have on the wider ecosystem.

Draw a labelled diagram of the internal structure of a dicotyledonous seed.

State the main function of gibberellin in enabling seed germination.

The following investigation was set up to determine the conditions needed for germination.

Identify the control in this experiment and explain the importance of including this test tube in the investigation.

Explain why no seeds would germinate if test tube D from the investigation at c) was placed in an environment with a temperature of 45°C.

One mark is available for clarity of communication throughout this question.

Outline the role of phytochrome in controlling flowering in long day plants.

Outline the adaptations of seeds with different methods of seed dispersal in flowering plants.

State and explain the factors that growers must consider when growing crops in order to maximise crop yield.