Revenues, Costs & Profits (Edexcel A Level Economics A)

Discuss factors that are causing many high street retailers in the UK to close some branches or shut down completely. Use a cost and revenue diagram to support your answer.

Extract D

The end of the High Street?

Homebase, the UK’s second‑largest do‑it‑yourself (DIY) retailer, made £20–40 million a year profit up to 2016. The Australian conglomerate Wesfarmers bought Homebase for £340 million in 2016, and began to rebrand 24 stores under its own name. It scaled back on curtain, cushion and other homeware sales in favour of power tools and building materials. In 2018 Wesfarmers sold the DIY chain for £1, in the face of “extremely challenging” market conditions and excess store space. The chain was bought by restructuring specialist Hilco, which had also rescued the music chain HMV in 2013, and the stores have gone back to using the Homebase name. Over 70% of Homebase stores are currently losing money and the new owner wants to exit loss‑making stores and agree to rent reductions, as sales fell 10% in 2018. Homebase has gone back to popular products and brands dropped by its previous owner Wesfarmers.

The closures will add to the mounting job losses on Britain’s high streets. About 25 000 jobs have gone in the first seven months of 2018, according to analysis by an economics thinktank. A further 8 300 jobs are under threat at suppliers, with the multiplier effect meaning that GDP is £1.5 billion less than projected.

Several Marks & Spencer clothing stores closed their doors for the last time as the high‑street chain pushes ahead with a transformation plan. It plans to close 100 stores by 2022. Toys R Us, Poundworld and Maplin have shut down completely, while New Look, Mothercare and Carpetright have plans to close hundreds of stores as losses rise sharply. Increasing rents and higher business rates have occurred at the same time as falling consumer confidence. Meanwhile, House of Fraser employees and pensioners are nervously awaiting more details about their future. The £90 million rescue deal by Sports Direct, the sportswear chain controlled by Mike Ashley, will protect 16 000 jobs for the time being.

(Source adapted from: https://www.ft.com/content/00d0bb9e‑a6ee‑11e8‑8ecf‑a7ae1beff35b 24 August 2018 and https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/aug/13/homebase‑close‑80‑stores‑high‑street‑job‑losses‑mount
Patrick Collinson 13 Aug 2018)

Discuss the likely impact of the National Living Wage on the profitability of firms.
Use a cost and revenue diagram in your answer (12 marks)

Extract C

The National Living Wage (NLW)

The Government has announced that from 2016 it will introduce a Living Wage Premium that will apply on top of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) for employees aged 25 and over to deliver a National Living Wage (NLW) for those people. The main NMW will continue to be set for all employees aged 21 and over, so that those aged 21 to 24 will
continue to be subject only to that rate.

The effective minimum wage for the 25+ age group will therefore be over 13% higher in 2020 than would otherwise have been the case, and result in a 0.3% increase in wage costs overall. Further impacts on real GDP are estimated to be higher productivity (+0.3%) but lower average hours worked (-0.2%) and higher unemployment. Overall real GDP is forecast to fall by 0.1% as a result of the NLW. However these forecasts depend on estimates of the likely elasticity of demand for labour.

Academic evidence suggests that changes to the NMW since 1999 have led to only limited effects on demand for labour in the UK. The types of work that will be affected are relatively labour intensive, which may limit the scope for firms to substitute towards using capital. Firms may also be expected to shift demand in favour of the under-25s given that they will not be subject to the NLW, which all else being equal would lead to a smaller reduction in overall labour demand. Some of the reduction in employees could also be partially offset by a rise in self-employment. But increasing the NLW to a higher proportion of median earnings may lead to bigger effects than have been experienced in the past.

(Sources: adapted from http://cdn.budgetresponsibility.independent.gov.uk/
July-2015-EFO-234224.pdf and http://budgetresponsibility.independent.gov.uk/)

Emily owns and operates a nail ink salon. The diagram shows the cost and revenue curves for treatments at her nail ink salon. Initially, Emily sets her price to maximise profits.

Calculate the change in total supernormal profit if Emily changes her objective from profit maximisation to revenue maximisation. You are advised to show your working.

In 2015 JCB, the construction equipment manufacturer, experienced a 6% fall in revenue. This resulted from a reduction in sales of construction equipment to emerging markets.

Draw a cost and revenue diagram to show the likely impact of a reduction in sales of construction equipment on JCB’s profits.

Examine the likely effects on the profitability of Indonesian rice farmers of the government’s increased investment in dams (Extract E, lines 43-48). Use a cost and revenue diagram to support your answer.
 

Extract E

Indonesia’s economic policies as commodity prices collapse

Indonesia is the world’s fourth largest exporter of coal and the raw material accounts for 11% of its exports. Its other main exports are crude oil, palm oil, rubber and tin. Its main commodity exports tripled in value between 2000 and 2010, and as exports boomed, so did the economy. But the value of commodity exports has fallen by more than half from its peak. Coal now sells for just US$50 per tonne, against US$125 in 2011.

In the decade to 2014, Indonesia’s real GDP grew by an annual average of 6%, but the collapse in commodity prices has slowed the economy. In 2015 growth was 4.8%, the slowest rate since 2009. But compared with many other commodity exporters, Indonesia is getting off lightly. 

The value of the rupiah, Indonesia’s currency, against the US dollar has fallen by 30% since 2013, but has since stabilised. Other emerging market currencies have depreciated even more steeply over that period. Despite the weak exchange rate, Indonesia’s inflation rate has mostly remained within the central bank’s target range of 3-5%. The main impact of the rupiah’s fall has been to curb imports, helping limit Indonesia’s current account deficit to around 2% of GDP despite weaker export earnings. A cautious fiscal policy during the boom years has allowed for a modest fiscal expansion to offset the effects of weak exports and investment. The national debt is just 26% of GDP.

Mr Widodo knows that Indonesia cannot raise its long-term growth rate if the economy remains reliant on coal. It needs a broader range of manufacturing and service industries. 

If new enterprise is to flourish, Indonesia must support local entrepreneurship. The labour market is inflexible. To start a business takes an average of 47 days, compared with four in Malaysia and two in Singapore. The President’s supply-side policies are improving the business climate. The average number of days needed to approve a new power plant has declined from 900 to 200. The government recently revised its “negative investment   list” of sectors in which foreign ownership is banned or restricted, fully opening up the rubber, film and restaurant sectors, among others. In 2015 he launched a series of measures to try to reduce government failure, including easing some regulations, streamlining licensing procedures for firms on industrial estates and providing tax incentives to invest in special economic zones.

The government has used savings from cutting fuel subsidies, worth over 4% of GDP, to fund extra capital spending. But the budget deficit still widened to 2.8% of GDP, very close to the legal limit of 3%. If public expenditure is to increase further, the government will need to raise more revenue. That will not be easy. Most workers and employers pay little or no tax. Only 27 million of Indonesia’s 255 million people are registered taxpayers, and in 2014 just 900 000 of them paid what they owed, leaving it with a tax revenue to GDP ratio of around 10%. Big companies say that they are being squeezed harder by the tax authorities because they are an easier target.

Infrastructure spending will help bring foreign investment and good jobs to Indonesia as well as encouraging exports. Indonesia’s infrastructure problem can be summed up as too few roads and congested ports. In the short term, infrastructure spending puts people to work and boosts demand for raw materials. In the longer term this spending offers the chance to make up for decades of neglect and underinvestment. Indonesia has plans for 65 dams, 16 of which are already under construction. In 2015 work started on the Keureuto Dam, designed to boost agricultural productivity in Aceh. Recently fields were flooded for the massive Jatigede Dam in West Java, after 20 years of delays. Once complete, the dam will irrigate 90 000 hectares of rice paddy, increasing efficiency by giving farmers two harvests a year instead of one.

(Sources: adapted from http://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21693405- secure-growth-it-needs-indonesia-must-resist-its-protectionist-urges-roll- out and http://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21693404-after- decades-underinvestment-infrastructure-spending-picking-up-last)