Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen for a reaction.
Which are the two main substances formed during incomplete combustion, aside from water?
| ☐ | A | Particulates and carbon monoxide | |
| ☐ | B | Soot and sulfur dioxide | |
| ☐ | C | Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide | |
| ☐ | D | Oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide |
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Cars running on fossil fuels contribute a high amount of pollutants into the atmosphere, one of which is carbon dioxide.
Which other gas is produced by the internal combustion engine in a car?
| ☐ | A | Ammonia | |
| ☐ | B | Argon | |
| ☐ | C | Oxides of nitrogen | |
| ☐ | D | Nitrogen |
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Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
This passage is about the industrial separation of crude oil.
Complete the passage by adding the missing words.
Crude oil is ............................................................... to form vapour.
The vapour is passed through a ........................................column.
The refinery gases are collected at the top of the column because they have low
.............................................. ............................................. .
Bitumen is collected at the bottom of the column.
Give one use of bitumen.
2 marksOne of the hydrocarbons in crude oil is an alkane with this structural formula.
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
(1)
(1)
Mr = ..............................................................
| catalyst |
............................................................................................. |
| temperature | ............................................................................................. |
Catalytic cracking also produces alkenes.
Decane (C10H22) can undergo cracking to give C4H10 and two different alkenes.
Complete the equation for this cracking process.
C10H22 → C4H10 + ..................... + .....................
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Fractional distillation is the process by which crude oil is separated into simpler, more useful fractions.
Which of the following statements about the process of fractional distillation is correct?
| ☐ | A | The fractionating column is cooler at the bottom than at the top | |
| ☐ | B | The fractions collected at the top of the fractionating column have a high boiling point | |
| ☐ | C | The molecules in each fraction have a similar boiling point and carbon chain length | |
| ☐ | D | The fractions collected at the bottom of the fractionating column have a low viscosity |
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Kerosene, bitumen and diesel oil are fractions obtained through the fractional distillation of crude oil.
Which of the following shows the correct use of each fraction?
| kerosene | bitumen | fuel oil | |||
| ☐ | A | fuel for aircraft | surfacing roads | in power stations | |
| ☐ | B | fuel for trains | in power stations | fuel for aircraft | |
| ☐ | C | in domestic heating | surfacing roads | in power stations | |
| ☐ | D | fuel for aircraft | in domestic cooking | in domestic cooking |
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This question is about hydrocarbons.
The table shows the formulae of some hydrocarbons.
(1)
(3)
Many hydrocarbons are used as fuels. There are problems associated with this use.
Fuels used in cars often have sulfur compounds removed.
Explain how the combustion of these fuels in car engines still leads to the formation of acid rain.
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The flow chart shows how ethene can be obtained industrially from crude oil.
Step 1 involves the use of a tall column. Describe how the diesel fraction is obtained from the crude oil in step 1.
In step 2, saturated compounds such as dodecane are obtained from the mixture of hydrocarbons in the diesel fraction. Explain why dodecane is described as a saturated hydrocarbon.
Which of these formulae is that of an alkane?
| ☐ | A | C7H12 | |
| ☐ | B | C9H18 | |
| ☐ | C | C11H24 | |
| ☐ | D | C13H30 |
In step 3, cracking is used to convert alkanes into alkenes. Complete the equation to show the reaction in which one molecule of dodecane is converted into two molecules of ethene and one molecule of another hydrocarbon.
C12H26 → 2C2H4 + .....................................
Alkanes and alkenes both react with halogens, but in different ways. The equations for two examples of these different reactions are shown.
equation 1 C2H6+ Cl2 → C2H5Cl + compound X
equation 2 C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2
4 marksAlkenes can be distinguished from alkanes using bromine water.
| ☐ | A | colourless to orange | |
| ☐ | B | colourless to green | |
| ☐ | C | green to colourless | |
| ☐ | D | orange to colourless |
(1)
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This question is about octane (C8H18) which is produced in the gasoline fraction during fractional distillation of crude oil.
The diagram shows a fractionating column.
Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions in the fractionating column.
Octane can also be produced by the process of cracking.
Give the conditions for cracking.
8 marksA car is driven at constant speed for 4.00 km.
The exhaust gases are collected and their volume at room temperature and pressure (rtp) is 5.02 × 105 cm3.
The exhaust gases include carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.
The carbon dioxide is removed from the exhaust gases. The volume of the remaining gases at rtp is 2.96 × 105 cm3.
(5)
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This question is about the processes and reactions which occur in the petrochemical industry.
The diagram below shows some of these processes and reactions.
(1)
Compare the properties of gasoline and fuel oil.
Reactor 1 is used to break down large alkanes into smaller hydrocarbons.
The market demand for shorter chain alkanes is greater than the market demand for long chain alkanes.
Suggest one reason why.
Short chain fractions have low supply and high market demand.
Suggest three ways in which the oil industry could overcome this problem.
The table below shows some alkanes that are found in crude oil.
| Alkanes | Boiling point in oC |
| C5H12 | 36 |
| C7H16 | 98 |
| C10H22 | 174 |
A student was investigating the properties of the alkanes shown in the table above using the following method:
1) Pour 20 cm3 of C5H12 into a funnel
2) Open the tap and start a stopwatch
3) When the level of C5H12 reaches line X stop the stopwatch
4) Repeat steps with the other two alkanes
The diagram below shows the apparatus used.
C5H12 took 5.3 seconds to reach line X.
Explain the trend you would expect to see when the student repeats the method with the other two alkanes.
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This question is about pollutants.
Fossil fuels, such as coal, are burned to release energy.
Hydrogen, sulfur, and carbon are all elements found in coal.
Name two products released when coal burns that have a negative effect on the environment.
State the impact each of the products you have named have.
Another major source of pollutants is motor vehicles.
(2)
(1)
Describe two effects of oxides of nitrogen being released into the atmosphere.
How are the amounts of carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide emitted by modern motor vehicles reduced?
Include an equation in your answer.
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Crude oil is a mixture of organic compounds.
Most of these compounds are members of the same homologous series.
State the name of this homologous series.
An industrial process is used to separate crude oil into fractions.
| ☐ | A | Boiling point | |
| ☐ | B | Density | |
| ☐ | C | Melting point | |
| ☐ | D | Solubility |
(1)
(3)
Fuels obtained from the fractions may contain impurities.
Explain how the combustion of a common impurity in fuels may cause an environmental problem.
Some of the fractions contain long-chain molecules which are not very useful.
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Propane is a hydrocarbon with the formula C3H8
State why propane is a hydrocarbon.
(1)
(1)
The diagram represents a molecule of propane.
Describe the forces of attraction between the atoms in a molecule of propane.
Propane can be produced by cracking.
An equation for cracking is
Explain why cracking is an important process in the oil industry.
Propane reacts with bromine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation.
(2)
C3H8 + Br2 → ............................... + ...............................
(1)
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The diagram shows some processes involved in the oil industry.
Which process represents cracking?
| ☐ | A | ||
| ☐ | B | ||
| ☐ | C | ||
| ☐ | D |
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This question is about hydrocarbons.
State the meaning of the term hydrocarbon.
One homologous series of hydrocarbons is the alkanes.
Pentane (C5H12) is an alkane.
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
Another homologous series of hydrocarbons is the alkenes.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
(1)
(1)
(2)
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The diagram shows the industrial equipment used to separate crude oil into fractions.
(1)
Fraction A
Fraction F
One compound in the gasoline fraction is the alkane octane (C8H18) and one compound in the kerosene fraction is the alkane dodecane (C12H26)
These two alkanes are covalently bonded and have simple molecular structures.
Catalytic cracking can be used to convert the alkane C12H26 into more useful products.
(1)
C12H26 → C9H20 + ..................................................
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Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Name the process used to separate crude oil into fractions.
Give one use of the kerosene fraction.
2 marksOne of the alkanes in the gasoline fraction has the displayed formula
Catalytic cracking is used to convert long‐chain alkanes into shorter‐chain alkanes.
Catalytic cracking also produces alkenes.
C11H24 can undergo cracking to give pentane (C5H12) and two different alkenes.
Complete the equation for this cracking reaction.
C11H24 → C5H12 + ............................+............................
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Crude oil is an important source of organic compounds.
The diagram shows crude oil being separated into different fractions.
(1)
(1)
(4)
Crude oil often contains sulfur as an impurity.
Explain why this is a problem when using crude oil fractions as fuels.
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The diagram shows a fractionating column used to separate crude oil into fractions.
There is a low demand for some of the fractions obtained from crude oil.
Cracking can be used to convert these fractions into more useful substances.
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