Nutrition

The diagram shows part of the gut of a rabbit.

The rabbit is a primary consumer and eats mainly grass and other vegetable material.

Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D.

The gut of a rabbit has a large caecum and appendix. These contain bacteria that are able to produce the enzyme cellulase.

Explain how these bacteria help the rabbits with their diet of plant material.

The human gut has a caecum and appendix but they are much smaller than those in the rabbit.

Suggest why the human gut only has a small caecum and appendix.

(1)

In humans, the appendix also acts as a store of useful bacteria. Scientists have discovered that patients who have had their appendix removed are more likely to develop infections of the colon.

Explain how having no appendix may increase the likelihood of bacterial infections of the colon.

Bread contains starch.

A student investigates how temperature affects the digestion of bread.

This is the apparatus he uses in his method.

This is the student’s method.

• Add amylase to a sample of bread
• Put this bread in the filter funnel
• Pour water onto the bread
• Do a Benedict’s test on the solution from the digested bread that collects in the beaker
• Repeat the method at different temperatures

Explain the result of the Benedict’s test if the amylase digests the starch.

The student’s method lacks detail.

Rewrite the method so that the student could make a valid conclusion about the effect of temperature on amylase.

The student predicted that the rate of digestion of starch would keep increasing as temperature increased.

Comment on this prediction.

Salivary amylase is produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth.

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth where starch is broken down into maltose by salivary amylase.

The effect of changing pH on the digestion of starch was investigated by a group of students.

The results are shown in the table below.

Plot a line graph to show the effect of pH on the time taken to digest starch.

Use a ruler to join your points with straight lines.

A student reads the following statement on the internet:

‘The main site for carbohydrate digestion is the small intestine.’

Another student states that salivary amylase must be responsible for digesting starch in the small intestine. The student is incorrect.

Use the results from the table and/or your graph in part (a) to explain why.

During digestion partially digested food moves from the stomach to the small intestine where several additional substances are secreted and digestion of carbohydrates continues.

These secretions include the following:

• A substance known as bile
• Pancreatic fluid containing pancreatic amylase, protease and lipase..

Explain why the rate of digestion by enzymes in the small intestine is not reduced by stomach acid.

Explain why pancreatic amylase, protease and lipase are all required in the digestion of food in the small intestine.

The rate of photosynthesis is affected by different factors. One factor is the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air.

The percentage of oxygen in the air is 21 %. This is equivalent to a concentration of 210 000 parts per million.

The percentage of carbon dioxide in the air is 0.04 %.

Calculate this concentration in parts per million.

The graph shows the effect of increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air on the relative rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures.

Describe the effect of increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide on the relative rate of photosynthesis at 5 °C.

(2)

Describe how the effect of increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide on the relative rate of photosynthesis changes when the temperature is increased.

Explain the effect of increasing the temperature from 5 °C to 35 °C on the relative rate of photosynthesis.

The scientists who carried out this study concluded that the effect of increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide on the rate of growth of a plant is dependent on temperature and also on the minerals that the plants can absorb.

Explain how lacking a named mineral might affect plant growth.

(2)

Explain how a named factor can affect the rate of photosynthesis, other than carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and minerals absorbed.

A student investigates factors that affect photosynthesis.

In his first experiment, the student uses this method to investigate the effect of light on photosynthesis.

• Place a plant in the dark for 24 hours
• Cover part of leaf X with black paper
• Place the plant in the light for 24 hours

The diagram shows the plant in the light.

Describe how the student tests leaf X to show the effect of light on photosynthesis.

In his second experiment, the student uses a water plant to investigate the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.

He does the experiment at two different light intensities.

The table shows the student’s results.

Explain the student’s results.

(4)

Describe how the student could change the light intensity in this investigation.

(1)

Give the dependent variable in this investigation.

(1)

Give one way in which the student could control the biotic variable in this investigation.

(1)

The table gives the percentage composition by mass of human breast milk, and of cow’s milk.

Discuss whether cow’s milk is a suitable alternative to breast milk for young babies.

Use data from the table and your own knowledge to support your answer.

Human breast milk may contain insufficient vitamin D for a growing child.

Give two ways that additional vitamin D could be provided for the child.

Describe how a sample of cow’s milk could be tested for protein.

The diagram shows part of the human digestive system.

In which of these parts is hydrochloric acid produced?

(1)

In which of these parts are faeces stored? 

(1)

The liver produces bile.

Explain the role of bile in digestion.

Some people have a condition called coeliac disease.

In this condition the body reacts to eating gluten, a protein found in wheat.

This reaction damages the villi in the small intestine.

The diagram shows how the villi in the small intestine are damaged.

Explain how the undamaged villi are adapted for their function.

(4)

Explain why children with untreated coeliac disease may grow more slowly and become tired more easily than children without coeliac disease.

Use the information from the diagram and your own knowledge to support your answer.

(4)

A teacher does an investigation to show that plants require carbon dioxide and light for photosynthesis.

This is the teacher’s method.

• Place a potted plant in the dark for 24 hours
• Place a strip of black paper over two of the plant’s leaves
• Pour some sodium hydroxide solution into a flask
• Insert one of the leaves into the flask
• Seal the flask with a cotton wool plug
• Place the plant in bright light for 12 hours
• Remove the two leaves and safely test them for starch

This diagram shows the teacher’s apparatus.

Explain why the potted plant is placed in the dark for 24 hours.

(2)

Explain one role of leaf Y in the investigation.

(2)

Describe how to test the leaves for starch safely.

(4)

Explain how the results of this investigation would show that light is required for photosynthesis.

Plants convert the glucose they produce into starch.

Explain why plants store carbohydrate as starch rather than as glucose.

A student investigated the effect of different colours of light on the rate of photosynthesis in a water plant.

This is the student’s method.

• Place a 1 % sodium hydrogen carbonate solution in a boiling tube
• Cut a 5 cm length of pondweed and place it in the tube
• Place a lamp 10 cm from the tube containing the pondweed
• Leave the pondweed for 10 minutes until it starts to produce bubbles from the cut end
• Count the bubbles produced in one minute
• Count the bubbles for two more one minute periods

The student repeated the experiment three more times using filters in front of the lamp that let through either red light, blue light or green light.

These are the student’s results.

Write the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis.

Anomalous results are not included in the calculation of the mean.

Calculate the mean number of bubbles per minute for the lamp with no filter.

(2)

Explain the student’s results.

(4)

Give two abiotic variables that the student should control in her experiment.

(2)

Explain why measuring the rate of photosynthesis by counting bubbles may not be an accurate method to use.

(2)

Suggest an alternative method that the student could use to measure the rate of photosynthesis in her experiment.

(2)

Separate: Biology Only

Obesity is caused when energy input is greater than energy output.

A student likes to eat potato crisps but is concerned about obesity.

The student has a choice of two different types of crisp to eat.

Describe an experiment the student could use to determine which type of crisp contains the least energy.

Separate: Biology Only

Complete the passage by writing a suitable word or words in each blank space.

Plants carry out photosynthesis to produce .............................................................. . To enable this process to occur the leaf cells absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

At the same time, the cells in the leaves are respiring. This means that they are using .............................................................. and producing carbon dioxide. If the leaves are in bright sunlight, then the rate of photosynthesis will be .............................................................. than the rate of respiration. If the leaves are in dim light, then the rate of respiration will be greater than the rate of photosynthesis and there will be a net production of .............................................................. .

In conditions when there is no net absorption or release of carbon dioxide the rate of photosynthesis and respiration are .............................................................. and the plant is at its compensation point.

Describe how you could use hydrogen-carbonate indicator to investigate the effect of light intensity on net gas exchange in a leaf.

A student does an experiment to show that a leaf is only able to produce starch if it receives enough light.

The student removes all the starch from the leaf before starting the experiment.

Describe how the student could remove all the starch from the leaf.

(2)

State why the student removes all the starch from the leaf before starting the experiment.

(1)

Before testing a leaf for starch, chlorophyll needs to be removed.

Give a safety precaution the student needs to take when removing chlorophyll.

Give a suitable control the student should use in this experiment.

Describe how the structure of the leaf is adapted for photosynthesis.