The table shows the main stages in the life-cycle assessment of a manufactured product.
| Stage | Process |
| 1 | Manufacturing the product |
| 2 | Obtaining raw materials |
| 3 | Disposing of the product |
| 4 | Using the product |
What is the correct order for the stages?
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 4, 3
2, 1, 4, 3
2, 4, 1, 3
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Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide, Al2O3.
Which equation shows the reaction at the anode in this electrolysis?
4OH– – 4e– → O2 + 2H2O
Al 3+ + 3e– → Al
2H+ + 2e– → H2
2O2– – 4e– → O2
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Zinc is extracted from zinc oxide by reduction.
Which element acts a reducing agent during this process?
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Zinc
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Which of the following metals can not be extracted from its ore by reduction?
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Lithium
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Some metals are unreactive and exist on their own in the earth.
What are these metals known as?
Transition Metals
Native metals
Alkali Metals
Alkaline earth metals
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Coffee cups are usually made from ceramic, glass, paper, plastic or metal.
Some of these materials are recyclable. In a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) where would this information be given?
During the extraction and processing of the raw materials needed to make the cup
Disposing of the cup at the end of its useful life
When the cup is manufactured and packaged
During the use and lifetime of the cup
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Which material for making coffee cups would be considered recyclable and biodegradable?
Polymers
Ceramic
Glass
Paper
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When comparing the LCA of a plastic bag to a paper bag you can say that
A plastic bag has a greater impact on the environment than a paper bag
A paper bag has a greater impact on the environment than a plastic bag
Both bags are made from finite resources
It is difficult to say whether a paper or plastic bag has a greater impact on the environment
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What is true about single use paper plates?
They are heavier to transport than plastic plates
They increase global warming
They can be incinerated to release energy
All the above are true
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Look at the information about four different polymers.
| Polymer | Cost (£ per kg) |
Tensile strength (MPa) |
Melting point (°C) |
Maximum useable temperature (°C) |
| A | 0.74 | 15 | 120 | 85 |
| B | 1.20 | 78 | 254 | 70 |
| C | 0.92 | 35 | 176 | 160 |
| D | 1.42 | 42 | 156 | 160 |
Which polymer would be best for making a plastic cup to hold hot drinks?
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Look at the information about four different polymers.
| Polymer | Cost (£ per kg) |
Tensile strength (MPa) |
Melting point (°C) |
Maximum useable temperature (°C) |
| A | 0.74 | 15 | 120 | 85 |
| B | 1.20 | 78 | 254 | 70 |
| C | 0.92 | 35 | 176 | 160 |
| D | 1.42 | 42 | 156 | 160 |
Which polymer would be best for making a plastic washing up bowl?
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Phytoextraction is one way to extract copper from low-grade ores.
The table shows the main stages involved in phytoextraction.
| Stage | Process |
| 1 | Copper ions accumulate in the roots, shoots and leaves of plants. |
| 2 | Copper is extracted from ash with a high concentration of copper compounds. |
| 3 | Plants absorb dissolved copper ions through their roots. |
| 4 | A crop is planted in soil containing low-grade copper ore. |
| 5 | Plants are harvested and burned. |
What is the correct order for the stages?
1, 3, 4, 5, 2
4, 1, 3, 2, 5
4, 3, 1, 5, 2
1, 4, 3, 5, 2
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Which one of the following is an advantage of phytoextraction?
A high concentration of a metal can be obtained from a low grade ore.
Bacteria are used to dissolve metals instead of chemical solutions.
Better crops of plants are harvested.
Phytoextraction is a quick process and is not affected by poor weather.
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