DP IB Maths: AA HL

Topic Questions

4.7 Further Probability Distributions

1a
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2 marks

A continuous random variable X has the probability density function given by

f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell k space sin space 2 x comma end cell cell 0 less or equal than x less or equal than straight pi over 3 end cell row cell space space space space space space space space space space space space 0 comma end cell otherwise end table close 

Find the value of k.

1b
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3 marks

Giving your answers to three significant figures, find

(i)
the mean of X,
(ii)
the mode of X.
1c
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2 marks
(i)
Write down straight P open parentheses X equals straight pi over 3 close parentheses

(ii)
Show that the median, m, of X lies in the interval straight pi over 6 less than m less than straight pi over 3 .

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2a
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3 marks

The continuous random variable X has probability density function

f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell k left parenthesis x plus 4 right parenthesis comma end cell cell 0 less or equal than x less or equal than 1 end cell row cell k left parenthesis 6 minus x right parenthesis comma end cell cell 1 less than x less or equal than 6 end cell row cell space space space space space space space space space space space 0 comma end cell otherwise end table close

Find the value of k.

2b
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2 marks

Sketch the probability density function.

2c
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6 marks

Find: 

(i)
straight E left parenthesis X right parenthesis comma
(ii)
Var left parenthesis X right parenthesis comma
(iii)
straight P left parenthesis 0.5 less or equal than X less or equal than 1.5 right parenthesis.

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3a
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2 marks

The discrete random variable,  X, has probability distribution function

f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell fraction numerator k over denominator 2 x end fraction comma end cell cell x equals 2 comma 4 comma 6 comma 12 end cell row cell space space space space 0 comma end cell otherwise end table close

Show that k equals 2.

3b
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2 marks

Find the expected value and variance of X.

3c
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2 marks

As part of a game, a four-sided spinner is created with the numbers 2, 4, 6 and 12. The discrete random variable X is used to model the number that the spinner lands on. The score allocated to a player on their turn is 4 more than double the value the spinner lands on.

Find the expected value and variance of a player’s score from a single spin.

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4a
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2 marks

A UK energy company charges £0.22 per kilowatt hour (kWh) of electricity used.
The amount of energy used per day by the company’s customers, X
 kWh, follows the following probability density function

f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell fraction numerator x left parenthesis k minus x right parenthesis over denominator 972 end fraction comma end cell cell 0 less or equal than x less or equal than 18 end cell row cell space space space space space space space space space space space space space space 0 comma end cell otherwise end table close

Show that k equals 18.

4b
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6 marks

A customer’s total daily charge consists of a fixed (standing) charge of £0.38 per day plus the charge for the electricity used.

(i)
Find the expected total daily charge.
(ii)
Find the standard deviation for the total daily charge.

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5a
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2 marks

Consider the function f defined by,

f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell k left parenthesis x minus 4 right parenthesis left parenthesis x minus 5 right parenthesis squared comma end cell cell 4 less or equal than x less or equal than 5 end cell row cell space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space 0 comma end cell otherwise end table close

Use your GDC to verify that f left parenthesis x right parenthesiscan represent a probability density function for a continuous random variable X in the case when k equals 12.  Explain your verification process in full.

5b
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1 mark

Use your GDC to find the mode of X.

5c
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2 marks

Use your GDC to estimate the median of X.

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6a
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2 marks

Consider the probability density function for a continuous random variable, X

f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell 1 over 64 open parentheses 3 x minus 20 close parentheses comma end cell cell a less or equal than x less or equal than 12 end cell row cell 1 over 64 open parentheses x minus 16 close parentheses squared comma end cell cell 12 less or equal than x less or equal than 16 end cell row cell space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space 0 comma end cell otherwise end table close

(i)
Given that P left parenthesis 12 less or equal than X less or equal than 16 right parenthesis equals 1 third, find the value of a.

(ii)
Briefly explain how, without further calculations, it can be deduced that the median of X, m, lies in the interval a less or equal than m less or equal than 12.
6b
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4 marks

Find

(i)
straight E left parenthesis X right parenthesis
(ii)
straight E left parenthesis X squared right parenthesis
(iii)
Var left parenthesis X right parenthesis

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7a
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2 marks

In a quick-fire quiz consisting of 25 questions, contestants have just over 2 seconds to answer each question. The time taken on any single question in the quiz is modelled by the continuous random variable, T, which has probability density function

f left parenthesis t right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell sin 1 half t comma end cell cell 0 less or equal than t less or equal than T subscript text max end text end subscript end cell row cell space space space space space space space space space 0 comma end cell otherwise end table close

Find the exact value of T subscript max and verify that this is just over 2 seconds.

7b
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2 marks

Find the probability that a contestant takes between 1 and 2 seconds to answer a question.

7c
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1 mark

Sketch the graph of y equals f left parenthesis t right parenthesis.

7d
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1 mark

Write down the mode of T .

7e
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2 marks

Find the median of T.

7f
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3 marks

Find the mean time for a contestant to answer all 25 questions.

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8a
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2 marks

The continuous random variable, straight capital theta, has probability density function

f left parenthesis theta right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell 1 over p cos open parentheses theta minus q close parentheses comma end cell cell a less or equal than theta less or equal than a plus straight pi end cell row cell space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space 0 comma end cell otherwise end table close

Given that f left parenthesis a right parenthesis equals 0, write down, in terms of a , the mean, median and mode of straight capital theta, briefly explaining how you obtained your answers.

8b
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3 marks
(i)
Given that a equals straight pi over 6, deduce the smallest positive value of q
(ii)
Hence, or otherwise, find the value of p
8c
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1 mark

R and S are values of straight capital theta such that straight P left parenthesis straight capital theta less than R right parenthesis equals straight P left parenthesis straight capital theta greater than S right parenthesis.
Write down an equation connecting R
 and S.

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9a
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3 marks

Two random variables, X and Y are such that straight E left parenthesis 3 X plus 5 right parenthesis equals Var left parenthesis 3 Y plus 5 right parenthesis.

It is also known that straight E left parenthesis Y right parenthesis equals square root of straight E left parenthesis X right parenthesis end root and straight E left parenthesis Y squared right parenthesis equals open square brackets straight E open parentheses X close parentheses close square brackets squared.

Show that  9 open square brackets straight E open parentheses X close parentheses close square brackets squared minus 12 straight E left parenthesis X right parenthesis minus 5 equals 0.

9b
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2 marks

Given that straight E left parenthesis X right parenthesis greater than 0 , find straight E left parenthesis X right parenthesis.

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10a
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2 marks

Consider the function

f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals fraction numerator 1 over denominator 2 straight pi end fraction square root of 4 minus x squared end root

Sketch the graph of y equals f left parenthesis x right parenthesis.

10b
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1 mark

Write down a domain for f left parenthesis x right parenthesis such that it could be a probability density function for a continuous random variable X.

10c
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3 marks

Write down

(i)
straight P left parenthesis X less than negative 1 right parenthesis,
(ii)
straight E left parenthesis X right parenthesis,
(iii)
The median of X.

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1a
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3 marks

A ‘lucky dip’ bag contains seven bars of chocolate and 5 packets of sweets. Suraya selects two items at random without replacing them.

The probability distribution table for the discrete random variable X, “the number of packets of sweets selected”, is shown below.

straight X

0

1

2

straight P left parenthesis X equals x right parenthesis begin mathsize 16px style 21 over 66 end style begin mathsize 16px style fraction numerator 7 k over denominator 66 end fraction end style fraction numerator 2 k over denominator 66 end fraction

Find the value of k.

1b
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2 marks

Find straight E left parenthesis X right parenthesis.

1c
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2 marks

Find straight E left parenthesis X squared right parenthesis.

1d
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3 marks

Find Var left parenthesis X right parenthesis.

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2a
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4 marks

A population of grasshoppers is being studied. It is found that the length of an adult grasshopper, in cm, has PDF

space f left parenthesis x right parenthesis space equals open curly brackets table row cell k x squared left parenthesis 6 minus x right parenthesis comma end cell cell 0 less or equal than x less or equal than 6 end cell row cell space space space space space space space space space space space space space 0 comma end cell cell otherwise. end cell end table close

Find the value of k.

2b
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2 marks

Sketch the probability density function.

2c
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2 marks

Find the probability that a grasshopper picked at random is less than 4 cm in length.

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3a
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2 marks

A game is played with two fair spinners. Each spinner is divided into three sections numbered 1, 2 and 3. A player’s score is obtained by spinning both spinners simultaneously and adding together the numbers that they land on.

Complete the table below for the probability distribution of the game. 

 Score, X          
 P left parenthesis X equals x right parenthesis          
3b
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2 marks

Find the expected score, E left parenthesis X right parenthesis.

3c
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2 marks

Jian Wei wants to award prizes such that a player receives $3 for the score that they achieve.

Find the expected prize money for the game.

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4a
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4 marks

A continuous random variable has a probability distribution function 

space f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell 3 over 4 left parenthesis negative x squared plus 2 x right parenthesis comma end cell cell 0 less or equal than x less than 2 end cell row cell space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space 0 comma end cell cell otherwise. end cell end table close

Show that the mean of the random variable is equal to 1.

4b
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6 marks

Find the variance of the random variable.

4c
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3 marks

Hence, find the standard deviation of the random variable, leaving your answer in the form fraction numerator square root of a over denominator b end fraction.

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5a
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4 marks

At a school probability fair, some students create a game using one complete suit from a standard pack of cards. A player must pay $1 to pick a card at random. If their card is a jack, queen or a king they will receive $1 back, if their card is an ace they will receive $5 otherwise if their card is an ordinary number card from 2 to 10, they will receive nothing.

Show that the game is not fair.

5b
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4 marks

Calculate 

(i)
straight E left parenthesis X squared right parenthesis 

(ii)
Var left parenthesis X right parenthesis
5c
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2 marks

The students want to make the game fair, so decide to give a prize to anyone who picks an ordinary number card.

Calculate the value of the new prize for choosing an ordinary number card.

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6a
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3 marks

A discrete random variable straight B has probability distribution given by straight B equals a b left parenthesis b plus 1 right parenthesis, where b equals 5 comma space 6 comma space 7.

Find the value of a.

6b
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2 marks

Complete the probability distribution table below.

B 5 6 7
straight P left parenthesis B equals b right parenthesis      
6c
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2 marks

Find the mean of B.

6d
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5 marks

Find the standard deviation of B.

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7a
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4 marks

A continuous random variable  has the probability density function given by 

space f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell t x cubed minus x squared over 18 plus 7 over 36 x comma end cell cell 0 less or equal than x less than 6 end cell row cell space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space 0 comma end cell cell otherwise. end cell end table close

Find the value of t.

7b
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8 marks

Hence, find the values of 

(i)
the mean 

(ii)
the mode

(iii)
the median.

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8
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6 marks

A random variable has straight E left parenthesis X right parenthesis equals 23 and Var left parenthesis X right parenthesis equals 1.5.

Find 

(i)
straight E left parenthesis X minus 6 right parenthesis 

(ii)
straight E left parenthesis negative 2 X plus 5 right parenthesis 

(iii)
Var left parenthesis X plus 7 right parenthesis

(iv)
Var left parenthesis 3 X minus 3 right parenthesis

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9a
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3 marks

Consider the function defined by 

 space f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell 1 over 10 x squared end cell cell 0 less or equal than x less than 2 end cell row cell 82 over 135 minus 14 over 135 x end cell cell 2 less or equal than x less or equal than 5 end cell row 0 otherwise end table close 

where space f left parenthesis x right parenthesis is the probability density function of a continuous random variable.

Sketch the graph of space f left parenthesis x right parenthesis

9b
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4 marks

Find the value of straight E left parenthesis X right parenthesis.

9c
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4 marks

Find the value of Var left parenthesis X right parenthesis.

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1a
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3 marks

The continuous random variable X has the probability density function

f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell space space space space space space space space space space space k e x comma end cell cell 0 less or equal than x less or equal than a end cell row cell k left parenthesis e squared minus e to the power of x right parenthesis comma end cell cell a less or equal than x less or equal than 2 end cell row cell space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space 0 comma end cell otherwise end table close

where a and k are constants.

Given that f is a continuous function, find the values of a and k.

1b
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5 marks
(i)
Find straight P left parenthesis 0.5 less or equal than X less or equal than 1.5 right parenthesis
(ii)
Find straight P left parenthesis X greater than 1 right parenthesis
1c
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3 marks

Find the median of X.

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2a
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5 marks

The continuous random variable, X, follows a uniform distribution.

The probability density function is given by

f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row k cell a less or equal than x less or equal than b end cell row 0 cell otherwise. end cell end table close

(i)
Write down an expression for k in terms of a and b .

(ii)
Write down an expression for straight E left parenthesis X right parenthesis in terms of a and b.

(iii)
Show that Var left parenthesis X right parenthesis equals open parentheses b minus a close parentheses squared over 12.
2b
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3 marks

Given that straight E left parenthesis X right parenthesis equals 8.5 and Var left parenthesis X right parenthesis equals 6.75, find the values of a and b.

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3a
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3 marks

A company meeting lasts T hours. The continuous random variable T can be modelled by the probability density function

straight f left parenthesis t right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell 3 over 4 t left parenthesis t minus 2 right parenthesis squared space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space end cell cell 0 less or equal than t less or equal than 2 end cell row 0 otherwise end table close

Find the mean time of a meeting, giving your answer in minutes.

3b
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3 marks

Show that the median meeting time is greater than the modal meeting time. Fully explain your solution.

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4a
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3 marks

The continuous random variable X has probability density function

 f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell k over x cubed space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space end cell cell 2 less or equal than x less or equal than a end cell row cell space 0 end cell otherwise end table close

Show that k equals fraction numerator 8 a squared over denominator a squared minus 4 end fraction .

4b
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5 marks

Given that straight E left parenthesis X right parenthesis equals 20 over 7 show that  a equals 5 and hence find the value of k.

4c
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2 marks

Find the exact value of Var left parenthesis X right parenthesis .

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5a
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3 marks

Paul is travelling around France to try to find the perfect baguette. The continuous random variable C represents the cost, in euros, of a baguette. It can be modelled by the probability density function

f left parenthesis c right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell 1 over 36 open parentheses 14 c minus c squared minus 40 close parentheses space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space end cell cell 4 less or equal than c less or equal than 10 end cell row cell space space 0 end cell otherwise end table close

Sketch the graph of y equals f left parenthesis c right parenthesis.

5b
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1 mark

Explain why the mean cost of a baguette is €7.

5c
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2 marks

Given that the probability that a randomly selected baguette costs less than €9 is 25 over 27 , find the probability that a randomly selected baguette costs between €5 and €9

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6a
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4 marks

The amount of time, t years, it takes for an investment to return a profit is modelled by a continuous random variable, T, with probability density function

f left parenthesis t right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell 1 over 24 open parentheses a minus open parentheses t minus b close parentheses squared close parentheses space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space end cell cell 0 less than t less than 3 end cell row cell space space 0 end cell otherwise end table close

where a and b are integer constants.

Given that the mode of T is 1, find the values of a and b.

6b
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2 marks

Find the expected length of time that a typical investor will have to wait before they make a profit. Give your answer in months, to the nearest month.

6c
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2 marks

A particular company owner will only commit to this investment if there is at least a 75% chance they will make a profit within the first 18 months. Determine whether the company owner will invest or not.

6d
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1 mark

Give a criticism of the model.

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7
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6 marks

The continuous random variable, X, has probability density function given by

f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell 1 over 6 open parentheses x minus 1 close parentheses comma space space space space space end cell cell 1 less or equal than x less or equal than 3 end cell row cell 1 over 12 open parentheses 7 minus x close parentheses comma end cell cell 3 less or equal than x less or equal than 7 end cell row cell space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space 0 comma end cell otherwise end table close

Draw a box plot for the distribution of X. Mark the exact values of the quartiles on your diagram.

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8a
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1 mark

The discrete random variable, X , has the probability distribution given in the table below

 x

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

 straight P left parenthesis X equals x right parenthesis  fraction numerator k minus 1 over denominator 27 end fraction  k over 27  fraction numerator k plus 1 over denominator 27 end fraction  fraction numerator k minus 1 over denominator 27 end fraction  k over 27  fraction numerator k plus 1 over denominator 27 end fraction  fraction numerator k minus 1 over denominator 27 end fraction  k over 27  fraction numerator k plus 1 over denominator 27 end fraction

where k element of straight integer numbers to the power of plus .

Show that k equals 3 .

8b
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4 marks

Find

(i)
straight P left parenthesis X greater than 4 space vertical line space X less or equal than 7 right parenthesis
(ii)
straight P left parenthesis X space is space prime space vertical line space X less or equal than 5 right parenthesis.
8c
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4 marks

Find

(i)
straight E left parenthesis 4 X plus 5 right parenthesis
(ii)
Var left parenthesis 6 X plus q right parenthesis, where q is a constant.

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9a
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1 mark

A continuous random variable, X, has a probability distribution such that

P left parenthesis X equals x right parenthesis equals k x cubed comma space space space space space space space space space space 0 less or equal than x less or equal than 2

Given that straight P left parenthesis X less or equal than 2 right parenthesis equals 1 , find the value of k.

9b
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4 marks

Find

(i)
straight P left parenthesis X less or equal than 1 right parenthesis
(ii)
straight P left parenthesis X less or equal than 1.5 right parenthesis
(iii)
straight P left parenthesis 1 less or equal than X less or equal than 1.5 right parenthesis
9c
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4 marks

Find

(i)
straight P left parenthesis X less or equal than 1 vertical line X greater or equal than 0.5 right parenthesis
(ii)
straight P left parenthesis X greater or equal than 1.5 vertical line X greater or equal than 1 right parenthesis

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10a
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3 marks

The function defined by f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals 1 over 54 x open parentheses x squared minus 8 x plus 17 close parentheses has a local maximum when x equals p and a local minimum when x equals q.

Sketch the graph of f . State the values of p and q.                                 

10b
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2 marks

The continuous random variable, X, has probability density function

g left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals open curly brackets table row cell f left parenthesis x right parenthesis space space space space space space end cell cell 0 less or equal than x less or equal than 6 end cell row 0 otherwise end table close

Briefly explain how it can be verified that g left parenthesis x right parenthesis is a suitable model for a probability density function.

10c
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2 marks

Write down the mode of X.

10d
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4 marks

Find the probability that

(i)
X is such that g left parenthesis x right parenthesis greater than g left parenthesis p right parenthesis comma
(ii)
X is such that  g left parenthesis x right parenthesis less than g left parenthesis q right parenthesis.

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