DNA Replication (SL IB Biology)

• The replication of DNA is semi-conservative and depends on complementary base pairing
• Semi-conservative means that one strand of the 'parent' DNA is kept in the 'daughter' molecule
  • This is called the template strand
• The other half is determined by the code on the template strand and is built up from free nucleotides in the nuclear space around the chromosomes
• This takes place in the nucleus
  • If an adenine is the next exposed base on the original strand, a thymine nucleotide is added and vice versa
  • If a cytosine is the next exposed base on the original strand, a guanine nucleotide is added and vice versa
  • Nucleotides are added one by one to the new strand according to the rules of complementary base-pairing
• Hydrogen bonds can only form between the template strand and the new strand if the correct bases are paired up
• Therefore, the new DNA molecule has kept half of the parent DNA and then used this to create a new, daughter strand
• DNA replication is important in multicellular organisms for many reasons, such as:
  • Growth
  • Replacement of old/damaged cells and tissues
  • Reproduction

• DNA polymerase links nucleotides together to form a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template
• Before a (parent) cell divides, it needs to copy the DNA contained within it
  • This is so that the two new (daughter) cells produced will both receive the full copies of the parental DNA

• The DNA is copied via a process known as semi-conservative replication (half the DNA is kept)
  • The process is called so because in each new DNA molecule produced, one of the polynucleotide DNA strands (half of the new DNA molecule) is from the original DNA molecule being copied
  • The other polynucleotide DNA strand (the other half of the new DNA molecule) has to be newly created by the cell

Semi-conservative DNA replication diagram

Semi-conservative replication of DNA

The importance of keeping one original DNA strand

• It ensures there is genetic continuity with a high degree of accuracy between generations of cells
  • In other words, it ensures that the new cells produced during cell division inherit all their genes with the correct sequence of DNA bases from their parent cells

Crick and Watson proposed semi-conservative replication

• As part of their discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA, Crick and Watson made a hypothesis about how DNA copies during cell growth
• They proposed a semi-conservative model, but had not provided the evidence
• This was provided by two later scientists, Meselson and Stahl, in another award-winning piece of research
• Analysis of Meselson and Stahl’s results gave the necessary support for Crick & Watsons' hypothesis of semi-conservative replication of DNA

• DNA replication occurs in preparation for mitosis, when DNA must be doubled before the parent cell can divide to produce two genetically identical daughter cells
• The enzyme helicase first unwinds the DNA, by flattening out its helical structure
  • Analogy - think about untwisting a rope ladder

• Helicase then causes the hydrogen bonds to break between pairs of bases, exposing bases on either strand
  • Analogy - unzipping a zipper

• Each of these single polynucleotide DNA strands acts as a template for the formation of a new strand made from free nucleotides that are attracted to the exposed DNA bases by base pairing

Function of helicase and DNA polymerase diagram

Helicase and DNA polymerase work together to replicate each strand of DNA

• DNA polymerase links nucleotides together to form a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template
  • Following the action of helicase, the template strand is exposed and new nucleotides are joined together by DNA polymerase, which catalyses condensation reactions, to form a new strand
  • These reactions occur between the deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjacent nucleotides within the new strands, creating the sugar-phosphate backbone of the new DNA strands
  • DNA polymerase always works in the same direction along a strand of DNA, the 5' to 3' direction
    • This means that it adds the 5' terminal of the new nucleotide to the 3' terminal of the strand being built
  • Hydrogen bonds then form between the complementary base pairs of the template and new DNA strands
• This method of replicating DNA is known as semi-conservative replication because half of the original DNA molecule is kept (conserved) in each of the two new DNA molecules 

Overview of DNA replication diagram

The combined actions of helicase and DNA polymerase create new complementary DNA strands