1.2 Measurements & Errors

Fig. 1.1 shows a circuit designed by a student investigating the variation of potential difference with time as a capacitor charges and discharges whilst maintaining a constant current.

Fig. 1.1

The power supply has an e.m.f. of 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance. During the charging process, the maximum value of the resistance of the variable resistor is 100 kΩ.

Suggest, with a calculation, which of the analogue ammeters in Fig. 1.2 would be most suitable for the experiment.

[3]

A digital voltmeter with a three-digit display is used to measure the potential difference across the capacitor. A reading made during the charging process is shown in Fig. 1.3.

The manufacturers of the meter state that its accuracy is ±2% and ±1 digit.

Initially, the shorting lead is connected across the capacitor, as shown in Fig. 1.1, to fully discharge it. The timer is started at the moment the shorting lead is disconnected as the capacitor begins to charge.

The student measures the potential difference across the capacitor at 5 s intervals while adjusting the variable resistor to keep the charging current constant.

The label on the capacitor states its capacitance  is 510 μF.

The charge on the capacitor is equal to 

The capacitor used in the experiment has a manufacturing tolerance of ±10%. Throughout the experiment, the charging current is maintained at the value calculated in (a).

The data from the experiment produces a straight-line graph for the variation of potential difference with time. This shows that the potential difference across the capacitor increases at a rate of 110 mV s⁻¹.

An object of mass 50.00 g is placed on four different balances. For each balance, the reading is taken five times, as shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1

A titanium sphere and a titanium cylinder were used in an experiment to measure the density of titanium. The diameter of the sphere was measured using a micrometer, and the diameter of the cylinder was measured using vernier callipers, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1

Using Fig. 1.1, determine

The measurements for the mass and height of the cylinder with their fractional uncertainties are shown in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2

The object used in (a) was the titanium sphere. The mass of the sphere was measured using the balance 2 shown in Table 1.1.

The true value of the density of the titanium used in both the cylinder and the sphere was found to be 4.51 g cm^–3. 

The student assumes that the percentage difference between the density of the titanium cylinder and the true value is solely due to the uncertainty in the volume and the uncertainty in the mass. 

Assess the validity of this assumption.

A student used the apparatus shown to investigate the time taken for a hollow cylinder to roll down a ramp as shown in Fig. 1.1.

The student wants to find the difference in height Δh between the start line and finish line

The heights are recorded as

= 67.5 ± 0.1 cm

= 8.6 ± 0.1 cm

The student placed the cylinder on the start line and released it. She measured the time t for the cylinder to roll to the finish line. She repeated the measurements several times as shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1

mean value of t = ............................... ± ..........................  [2]

The relationship between t and the acceleration of free fall g is given by

where s is the distance along the ramp between the start line and the finish line.

The student recorded the ramp length as s = 102.0 cm ± 0.1 cm

A cube made from aluminium is placed on a horizontal surface, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

The following measurements were made on the cube:

mass = 0.59 ± 0.01 kg

length of one side = 6.0 ± 0.1 cm

(a)   Calculate the pressure produced by the cube on the surface.                                                                               

pressure = .................... ± .................... Pa  [2]

Calculate the density of aluminium with its uncertainty.

Express your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

density .................. ± .................. g cm⁻³  

The student uses vernier callipers to measure the length of the side of the cube. After completing the experiment, he realises that when the callipers are fully closed, the reading is not zero.

Analogue voltmeters and cathode-ray oscilloscopes (c.r.o.) are both devices which can measure potential differences.

The potential difference across a resistor is measured using the analogue voltmeter shown in Fig. 1.1.

A microphone connected to a cathode ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.) detects a sound wave of frequency f. The signal from the microphone is observed on the c.r.o. as shown in Fig. 1.2.

The time-base setting of the c.r.o. is 0.50 ms cm^–1. The Y-plate setting is 2.5 mV cm^–1.

A student participates in an experiment to measure the Earth’s gravitational field strength g. This is done using a simple pendulum.

The student suggests the period of oscillation T is related to the length of the pendulum L by the equation:

Table 1.1 shows the ten repeat readings of period T.

Table 1.1

Determine the mean period of oscillation and its percentage uncertainty.

In a new experiment, the length of the pendulum L is measured with an accuracy of 1.8% and the acceleration due to free-fall g is measured with an accuracy of 1.6%. 

Measurements of time periods for different lengths of pendula were taken using a stopwatch and plotted on the graph shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1

The period T for a mass m hanging on a spring performing simple harmonic motion is given by the equation:

Such a system is used to determine the spring constant k. The fractional error in the measurement of the period T is α and the fractional error in the measurement of the mass m is β.