Applications of the Generator Effect (Edexcel GCSE Physics)

Higher Tier Only

• The generator effect can be used to:
  • Generate a.c in an alternator
  • Generate d.c in a dynamo

Alternator

• A simple alternator is a type of generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current

An alternator is a rotating coil in a magnetic field with commutator rings

• A rectangular coil that is forced to spin in a uniform magnetic field
• The coil is connected to a centre-reading meter by metal brushes that press on two metal slip rings (or commutator rings)
  • The slip rings and brushes provide a continuous connection between the coil and the meter

• When the coil turns in one direction:
  • The pointer defects first one way, then the opposite way, and then back again
  • This is because the coil cuts through the magnetic field lines and a potential difference, and therefore current, is induced in the coil

• The pointer deflects in both directions because the current in the circuit repeatedly changes direction as the coil spins
  • This is because the induced potential difference in the coil repeatedly changes its direction
  • This continues on as long as the coil keeps turning in the same direction

• The induced potential difference and the current alternate because they repeatedly change direction

A.C output from an alternator - the current is both in the positive and negative region of the graph

Dynamos

• A dynamo is a direct-current generator
• A simple dynamo is the same as an alternator except that the dynamo has a split-ring commutator instead of two separate slip rings

A dynamo is a rotating coil in a magnetic field connected to a split ring commutator

• As the coil rotates, it cuts through the field lines
  • This induces a potential difference between the end of the coil

• The split ring commutator changes the connections between the coil and the brushes every half turn in order to keep the current leaving the dynamo in the same direction
  • This happens each time the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field lines

• Therefore, the induced potential difference does not reverse its direction as it does in the alternator
• Instead, it varies from zero to a maximum value twice each cycle of rotation, and never changes polarity (positive to negative)
  • This means the current is always positive (or always negative)

D.C output from a dynamo - the current is only in the positive region of the graph

Bicycle Dynamo

• A bicycle dynamo is used to supply electricity to bicycle lights whilst in motion
• It consists of a rotating magnet placed inside (or next to) a coil

• The magnet is rotated by its connection to the bicycle inside the coil
  • This is sometimes called the friction wheel and the axle / spindle

• The magnetic field lines cut through the sides of the coil
  • This induces a potential difference in the coil

• Since the magnetic field is constantly changing direction as it rotates, so does the output potential difference
  • This means the output current is also changing direction

• Therefore, a bicycle dynamo, unlike a normal dynamo, produces alternating current (a.c)

A bicycle dynamo consists of a magnet rotating in a coil due to the motion of the wheels