CIE IGCSE Biology Revision Notes 2023

1. Characteristics & Classification of Living Organisms

2. Organisation of the Organism

2.1.1 Cell Structure

2.1.2 Organisation of Cells

2.1.3 Magnification Formula

2.1.4 Converting Between Units: Extended

3. Movement into & out of Cells

3.1.1 Diffusion in Biology

3.1.2 Factors that Influence Diffusion

3.1.3 Water

3.1.4 Osmosis

3.1.5 Osmosis Experiments

3.1.6 Osmosis in Animals & Plants

3.1.7 Active Transport

3.1.8 Proteins & Active Transport

4. Biological Molecules

4.1.1 Chemicals & Life

4.1.2 Food Tests

4.1.3 DNA Structure: Extended

5. Enzymes

5.1.1 Enzymes

5.1.2 Enzyme Investigations

5.1.3 Enzyme Action & Specificity: Extended

5.1.4 Enzymes & Temperature: Extended

5.1.5 Enzymes & pH: Extended

6. Plant Nutrition

6.1.1 Photosynthesis

6.1.2 Chlorophyll

6.1.3 Use & Storage of Carbohydrates

6.1.4 Minerals in Plants

6.1.5 Investigating the Need for Chlorophyll, Light & Carbon Dioxide

6.1.6 Investigating the Rate of Photosynthesis

6.1.7 Investigating Gas Exchange

6.1.8 Photosynthesis Chemical Equation: Extended

6.1.9 Limiting Factors: Extended

6.1.10 Leaf Structure

6.1.11 Identifying Leaf Structures in a Dicotyledonous Plant

7. Human Nutrition

7.1.1 Diet & Deficiencies

7.1.2 Digestive System

7.1.3 Physical Digestion

7.1.4 Teeth & Digestion

7.1.5 The Stomach

7.1.6 Emulsification of Fats & Oils: Extended

7.1.7 Chemical Digestion

7.1.8 Enzymes in Digestion

7.1.9 Hydrochloric Acid

7.1.10 Digestion of Starch: Extended

7.1.11 Digestion of Protein: Extended

7.1.12 Bile: Extended

7.1.13 Absorption

7.1.14 Adaptations of the Small Intestine: Extended

8. Transport in Plants

8.1.1 Xylem & Phloem

8.1.2 Root Hair Cells

8.1.3 Pathway Taken by Water

8.1.4 Transpiration

8.1.5 Investigating Temperature & Wind Speed

8.1.6 Transpiration Stream: Extended

8.1.7 Explaining the Effects of Temperature, Wind Speed & Humidity: Extended

8.1.8 Translocation

9. Transport in Animals

9.1.1 Circulatory System

9.1.2 Circulatory System: Extended

9.1.3 The Mammalian Heart

9.1.4 Monitoring Activity of the Heart

9.1.5 Investigating Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate

9.1.6 Coronary Heart Disease

9.1.7 Identifying Structures in the Heart: Extended

9.1.8 Functioning of the Heart: Extended

9.1.9 Explaining the Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate: Extended

9.1.10 Blood Vessels

9.1.11 Circulation Around the Body

9.1.12 Structure & Function of Blood Vessels: Extended

9.1.13 Blood Vessels & the Liver: Extended

9.1.14 Components of Blood

9.1.15 Blood Clotting

9.1.16 White Blood Cells: Extended

9.1.17 Conversion of Fibrinogen: Extended

10. Diseases & Immunity

10.1.1 Pathogens & Barriers

10.1.2 Controlling the Spread of Disease

10.1.3 Active Immunity: Extended

10.1.4 Antigens & Antibodies: Extended

10.1.5 Vaccination: Extended

10.1.6 Preventing the Spread of Disease: Extended

10.1.7 Passive Immunity & Breastfeeding

10.1.8 Cholera

11. Gas Exchange in Humans

11.1.1 Features of Gas Exchange Surfaces

11.1.2 The Breathing System

11.1.3 Investigating the Differences in Inspired & Expired Air

11.1.4 Differences in Inspired & Expired Air

11.1.5 Investigating the Effects of Physical Activity on Breathing

11.1.6 Identifying Intercostal Muscles: Extended

11.1.7 Function of Cartilage in the Trachea: Extended

11.1.8 Volume & Pressure Changes in the Lungs: Extended

11.1.9 Differences in Inspired & Expired Air: Extended

11.1.10 Explaining the Link Between Physical Activity & Breathing: Extended

11.1.11 Protecting the Breathing System: Extended

12. Respiration

12.1.1 Respiration in Cells

12.1.2 Aerobic Respiration

12.1.3 Anaerobic Respiration

13. Excretion in Humans

13.1.1 Excretion in Humans

13.1.2 The Kidney

13.1.3 The Role of the Liver in Excretion

14. Coordination & Response

14.1.1 Mammalian Nervous System

14.1.2 Types of Neurones

14.1.3 The Reflex Arc

14.1.4 The Synapse

14.1.5 Sense Organs

14.1.6 The Eye

14.1.7 Hormones in Humans

14.1.8 Homeostasis: Definition

14.1.9 Homeostasis

14.1.10 Homeostasis: Temperature Control

14.1.11 Tropisms

15. Drugs

15.1.1 Drugs in Medicine

16. Reproduction

16.1.1 Asexual Reproduction

16.1.2 Sexual Reproduction

16.1.3 Sexual Reproduction in Plants

16.1.4 Sexual Reproduction in Humans

16.1.5 Sexual Hormones in Humans

16.1.6 Sexually Transmitted Infections

17. Inheritance

17.1.1 Chromosomes, Genes & Proteins

17.1.2 The Inheritance of Sex

17.1.3 Genes & Proteins

17.1.4 Protein Synthesis

17.1.5 Which Proteins are Synthesised?

17.1.6 Mitosis: Extended

17.1.7 Meiosis: Extended

17.1.8 Monohybrid Inheritance

17.1.9 Codominance & Sex-Linked Characteristics: Extended

18. Variation & Selection

18.1.1 Variation in Biology

18.1.2 Adaptive Features

18.1.3 Adaptive Features: Extended

18.1.4 Natural Selection

18.1.5 Artificial Selection

19. Organisms & Their Environment

19.1.1 Transfer of Energy

19.1.2 Food Chains & Food Webs

19.1.3 Pyramids of Number & Biomass

19.1.4 Pyramids of Energy: Extended

19.1.5 Nutrient Cycles

19.1.6 Populations

20. Human Influences on Ecosystems

20.1.1 Ensuring Food Supply

20.1.2 The Importance of Biodiversity

20.1.3 Water Pollution

20.1.4 Other Pollution

20.1.5 Sustainability

20.1.6 Endangered Species

20.1.7 Reasons for Conservation: Extended

21. Biotechnology & Genetic Modification

21.1.1 Usefulness of Bacteria

21.1.2 Biotechnology

21.1.3 Genetic Modification