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Revision Notes
CIE IGCSE Biology Revision Notes
Concise resources for the CIE IGCSE Biology course.
1. Characteristics & Classification of Living Organisms
1.1 Characteristics, Classification & Features of Organisms
1.1.1 Characteristics of Living Organisms
1.1.2 Concept & Uses of Classification Systems
1.1.3 Concept & Uses of Classification Systems: Extended
1.1.4 Features of Organisms
1.1.5 Features of Organisms: Extended
2. Organisation of the Organism
2.1 Cell Structure & Size of Specimens
2.1.1 Cell Structure
2.1.2 Organisation of Cells
2.1.3 Magnification Formula
2.1.4 Converting Between Units: Extended
3. Movement into & out of Cells
3.1 Diffusion, Osmosis & Active Transport
3.1.1 Diffusion in Biology
3.1.2 Factors that Influence Diffusion
3.1.3 Water
3.1.4 Osmosis
3.1.5 Osmosis Experiments
3.1.6 Osmosis in Animals & Plants
3.1.7 Active Transport
3.1.8 Proteins & Active Transport
4. Biological Molecules
4.1 Biological Molecules
4.1.1 Chemicals & Life
4.1.2 Food Tests
4.1.3 DNA Structure: Extended
5. Enzymes
5.1 Enzymes
5.1.1 Enzymes
5.1.2 Enzyme Investigations
5.1.3 Enzyme Action & Specificity: Extended
5.1.4 Enzymes & Temperature: Extended
5.1.5 Enzymes & pH: Extended
6. Plant Nutrition
6.1 Photosynthesis & Leaf Structure
6.1.1 Photosynthesis
6.1.2 Chlorophyll
6.1.3 Use & Storage of Carbohydrates
6.1.4 Minerals in Plants
6.1.5 Investigating the Need for Chlorophyll, Light & Carbon Dioxide
6.1.6 Investigating the Rate of Photosynthesis
6.1.7 Investigating Gas Exchange
6.1.8 Photosynthesis Chemical Equation: Extended
6.1.9 Limiting Factors: Extended
6.1.10 Leaf Structure
6.1.11 Identifying Leaf Structures in a Dicotyledonous Plant
7. Human Nutrition
7.1 Human Diet & Digestion
7.1.1 Diet & Deficiencies
7.1.2 Digestive System
7.1.3 Physical Digestion
7.1.4 Teeth & Digestion
7.1.5 The Stomach
7.1.6 Emulsification of Fats & Oils: Extended
7.1.7 Chemical Digestion
7.1.8 Enzymes in Digestion
7.1.9 Hydrochloric Acid
7.1.10 Digestion of Starch: Extended
7.1.11 Digestion of Protein: Extended
7.1.12 Bile: Extended
7.1.13 Absorption
7.1.14 Adaptations of the Small Intestine: Extended
8. Transport in Plants
8.1 Transport in Plants
8.1.1 Xylem & Phloem
8.1.2 Root Hair Cells
8.1.3 Pathway Taken by Water
8.1.4 Transpiration
8.1.5 Investigating Temperature & Wind Speed
8.1.6 Transpiration Stream: Extended
8.1.7 Explaining the Effects of Temperature, Wind Speed & Humidity: Extended
8.1.8 Translocation
9. Transport in Animals
9.1 Circulatory Systems, Heart & Blood Vessels
9.1.1 Circulatory System
9.1.2 Circulatory System: Extended
9.1.3 The Mammalian Heart
9.1.4 Monitoring Activity of the Heart
9.1.5 Investigating Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate
9.1.6 Coronary Heart Disease
9.1.7 Identifying Structures in the Heart: Extended
9.1.8 Functioning of the Heart: Extended
9.1.9 Explaining the Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate: Extended
9.1.10 Blood Vessels
9.1.11 Circulation Around the Body
9.1.12 Structure & Function of Blood Vessels: Extended
9.1.13 Blood Vessels & the Liver: Extended
9.1.14 Components of Blood
9.1.15 Blood Clotting
9.1.16 White Blood Cells: Extended
9.1.17 Conversion of Fibrinogen: Extended
10. Diseases & Immunity
10.1 Diseases & Immunity
10.1.1 Pathogens & Barriers
10.1.2 Controlling the Spread of Disease
10.1.3 Active Immunity: Extended
10.1.4 Antigens & Antibodies: Extended
10.1.5 Vaccination: Extended
10.1.6 Preventing the Spread of Disease: Extended
10.1.7 Passive Immunity & Breastfeeding
10.1.8 Cholera
11. Gas Exchange in Humans
11.1 Gas Exchange in Humans
11.1.1 Features of Gas Exchange Surfaces
11.1.2 The Breathing System
11.1.3 Investigating the Differences in Inspired & Expired Air
11.1.4 Differences in Inspired & Expired Air
11.1.5 Investigating the Effects of Physical Activity on Breathing
11.1.6 Identifying Intercostal Muscles: Extended
11.1.7 Function of Cartilage in the Trachea: Extended
11.1.8 Volume & Pressure Changes in the Lungs: Extended
11.1.9 Differences in Inspired & Expired Air: Extended
11.1.10 Explaining the Link Between Physical Activity & Breathing: Extended
11.1.11 Protecting the Breathing System: Extended
12. Respiration
12.1 Respiration
12.1.1 Respiration in Cells
12.1.2 Aerobic Respiration
12.1.3 Anaerobic Respiration
13. Excretion in Humans
13.1 Excretion in Humans
13.1.1 Excretion in Humans
13.1.2 The Kidney
13.1.3 The Role of the Liver in Excretion
14. Coordination & Response
14.1 Coordination, Response & Homeostasis
14.1.1 Mammalian Nervous System
14.1.2 Types of Neurones
14.1.3 The Reflex Arc
14.1.4 The Synapse
14.1.5 Sense Organs
14.1.6 The Eye
14.1.7 Hormones in Humans
14.1.8 Homeostasis: Definition
14.1.9 Homeostasis
14.1.10 Homeostasis: Temperature Control
14.1.11 Tropisms
15. Drugs
15.1 Drugs in Medicine
15.1.1 Drugs in Medicine
16. Reproduction
16.1 Reproduction in Plants & Humans
16.1.1 Asexual Reproduction
16.1.2 Sexual Reproduction
16.1.3 Sexual Reproduction in Plants
16.1.4 Sexual Reproduction in Humans
16.1.5 Sexual Hormones in Humans
16.1.6 Sexually Transmitted Infections
17. Inheritance
17.1 Inheritance, Genes & Cell Division
17.1.1 Chromosomes, Genes & Proteins
17.1.2 The Inheritance of Sex
17.1.3 Genes & Proteins
17.1.4 Protein Synthesis
17.1.5 Which Proteins are Synthesised?
17.1.6 Mitosis: Extended
17.1.7 Meiosis: Extended
17.1.8 Monohybrid Inheritance
17.1.9 Codominance & Sex-Linked Characteristics: Extended
18. Variation & Selection
18.1 Variation & Natural Selection
18.1.1 Variation in Biology
18.1.2 Adaptive Features
18.1.3 Adaptive Features: Extended
18.1.4 Natural Selection
18.1.5 Artificial Selection
19. Organisms & Their Environment
19.1 Energy & Feeding Relationships
19.1.1 Transfer of Energy
19.1.2 Food Chains & Food Webs
19.1.3 Pyramids of Number & Biomass
19.1.4 Pyramids of Energy: Extended
19.1.5 Nutrient Cycles
19.1.6 Populations
20. Human Influences on Ecosystems
20.1 Human Impact: Biodiversity, Pollution & Conservation
20.1.1 Ensuring Food Supply
20.1.2 The Importance of Biodiversity
20.1.3 Water Pollution
20.1.4 Other Pollution
20.1.5 Sustainability
20.1.6 Endangered Species
20.1.7 Reasons for Conservation: Extended
21. Biotechnology & Genetic Modification
21.1 Biotechnology & Genetic Modification
21.1.1 Usefulness of Bacteria
21.1.2 Biotechnology
21.1.3 Genetic Modification