3.4.3 Centre of Mass

• The centre of mass of an object is the point at which the weight of the object may be considered to act
• The position of the centre of mass of uniform regular solid is at its centre
  • For example, for a person standing upright, their centre of mass is roughly in the middle of the body behind the navel, and for a sphere, it is at the centre

• For symmetrical objects with uniform density, the centre of mass is located at the point of symmetry

The centre of mass of a shape can be found by symmetry

Stability

• The position of the centre of mass of an object affects its stability
• An object is stable when its centre of mass lies above its base

The object on the right will topple, as its centre of mass is no longer over its base

• The wider base an object has, the lower its centre of mass and it is more stable
• The narrower base an object has, the higher its centre of mass and the object is more likely to topple over if pushed

The most stable objects have wide bases and low centres of mass

Finding the Centre of Mass

• When an object is suspended from a point, the object will always settle so that its centre of mass comes to rest below the pivoting point
• This can be used to find the centre of mass of an irregular shape:

Diagram showing an experiment to find the centre of mass of an irregular shape

• The irregular shape (a plane laminar) is suspended from a pivot and allowed to settle
• A plumb line (a lead weight) is then held next to the pivot and a pencil is used to draw a vertical line from the pivot
  • The centre of mass must be somewhere on this line

• The process is then repeated, suspending the shape from two or three different points
• The centre of mass is located at the point where all three lines cross

Centre of gravity v Centre of mass

• In a uniform gravitational field, the centre of gravity is identical to the centre of mass
• The centre of mass does not depend on the gravitational field
• Since weight = mass × acceleration due to gravity, the centre of gravity does depend on the gravitational field
• When an object is in space, its centre of gravity will be more towards the object with the larger gravitational field
  • For example, the Earth’s gravitational field on the Moon:

The Earth’s stronger gravitational field pushes the Moons centre of gravity closer to Earth