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Edexcel International AS Chemistry

Revision Notes

Home / International AS / Chemistry / Edexcel / Revision Notes / 3: Practical Skills in Chemistry I / 3.1 Physical Chemistry Core Practicals / 3.1.1 Molar Volume of a Gas


3.1.1 Molar Volume of a Gas


Core Practical 1: Measuring the Molar Volume of a Gas

Measuring gas volumes

  • The volume of gas produced in a reaction can be measured by collecting the gas with a gas syringe or by the displacement of water

gas-syringe

Gas syringe equipment for collecting the gas produced in a reaction

downward-displacement-gas-collection-blank

Displacement of water equipment for collecting the gas produced in a reaction

Sample method

  • For the reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate

Na2CO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

  1. Measure out a fixed volume of hydrochloric acid, e.g. 25.0 cm3, into a conical flask
  2. Add a known mass of sodium carbonate, e.g. 0.05 g, to the conical flask
  3. Immediately connect the gas syringe delivery tube
  4. Allow the reaction to go to completion
  5. Record the volume of carbon dioxide produced
  6. Repeat the experiment with different masses of sodium carbonate, e.g. 0.10 g, 0.15 g, 0.20 g, 0.25 g... 0.50 g
  7. Some assumptions are made about the experiment:
    • The amount of gas lost between adding the sodium carbonate and connecting the delivery tube is negligible
    • The delivery tube set up is airtight so no gas is lost
    • The reaction does go to completion

Sample results

Mass Volume Results Table

mass-volume-results-table

  • The results are then plotted on to a graph
    • Mass of sodium carbonate on the x-axis and volume or carbon dioxide produced on the y-axis
  • Anomalous results are ignored and one straight line (or one smooth curve) of best fit is added

Analysis

  • Read off the volume of gas produced for a sensible mass of sodium carbonate, e.g. 0.35 g produces 79.0 cm3 
    • The mass of sodium carbonate may be specified in an exam question

Na2CO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

  • From the reaction equation, one mole of sodium carbonate produces one mole of carbon dioxide
  • Calculate the molar mass of sodium carbonate 
    • (2 x 23.0) + 12.0 + (3 x 16.0) = 106.0
  • Calculate the number of moles of sodium carbonate, using the mass from your graph reading
    • Moles equals fraction numerator mass over denominator molar space mass end fraction equals fraction numerator 0.35 over denominator 106.0 end fraction equals0.0033 moles
  • Convert the volume of carbon dioxide from your graph reading from cm3 to dm3 
    • fraction numerator 79.0 space cm cubed over denominator 1000 end fraction= 0.079 dm3
  • Calculate the molar volume of gas produced:
    • Molar gas volume equals fraction numerator volume space over denominator moles end fraction equals fraction numerator 0.079 over denominator 0.0033 end fraction equals23.93 dm3 


  • 1. Structure, Bonding & Introduction to Organic Chemistry
    • 1.1 Formulae & Equations
      • 1.1.1 Formulae & Mass
        • 1.1.2 Avogadro & the Mole
          • 1.1.3 Full & Ionic Equations
            • 1.1.4 Calculating Formulae
            • 1.2 Amount of Substance
              • 1.2.1 Concentration Calculations
                • 1.2.2 Reacting Mass Calculations
                  • 1.2.3 Reacting Volume Calculations
                    • 1.2.4 Calculations of Product
                    • 1.3 Atomic Structure
                      • 1.3.1 Sub-Atomic Particles
                        • 1.3.2 Isotopes & Mass Spectra
                        • 1.4 Electrons & Ions
                          • 1.4.1 Endothermic Ionisation Energy
                            • 1.4.2 Electronic Structures
                              • 1.4.3 Shapes of Orbitals
                                • 1.4.4 Electronic Configurations & Chemical Properties
                                • 1.5 The Periodic Table
                                  • 1.5.1 Periodicity - Ionisation Energy
                                    • 1.5.2 Periodicity - Thermal Trends
                                    • 1.6 Ionic & Metallic Bonding & Structure
                                      • 1.6.1 Evidence of Ions
                                        • 1.6.2 Ionic Bonding & Structures
                                          • 1.6.3 Ionic Bond Strength
                                            • 1.6.4 Polarisation
                                              • 1.6.5 Metallic Bonding & Lattices
                                              • 1.7 Covalent Bonding & Structure
                                                • 1.7.1 Evidence of Covalent Bonding
                                                  • 1.7.2 Covalent Bonding
                                                    • 1.7.3 Carbon Allotropes
                                                      • 1.7.6 Predicting Shapes & Angles
                                                      • 1.8 Introductory Organic Chemistry
                                                        • 1.8.2 Functional Groups & Homologous Series
                                                          • 1.8.3 Nomenclature & Classification
                                                            • 1.8.4 Isomers - Structural
                                                            • 1.9 Alkanes
                                                              • 1.9.1 Alkanes - Introduction
                                                                • 1.9.2 Alkanes as Fuels
                                                                  • 1.9.3 Combustion of Alkanes
                                                                    • 1.9.4 Alternative Fuels
                                                                      • 1.9.5 Free Radicals & Fission
                                                                        • 1.9.6 The Free Radical Substitution Mechanism
                                                                        • 1.10 Alkenes
                                                                          • 1.10.1 Alkenes - Introduction
                                                                            • 1.10.2 Isomers - Geometric
                                                                              • 1.10.3 Reactions of Alkenes
                                                                                • 1.10.4 Saturation Test
                                                                                  • 1.10.5 Electrophilic Addition - Mechanism
                                                                                    • 1.10.6 Addition Polymerisation
                                                                                      • 1.10.7 Polymer Disposal
                                                                                    • 2: Energetics, Group Chemistry, Halogenoalkanes & Alcohols
                                                                                      • 2.1 Energetics
                                                                                        • 2.1.1 Enthalpy Level Diagrams
                                                                                          • 2.1.2 Enthalpy Change - Definitions
                                                                                            • 2.1.3 Using Calorimetry
                                                                                              • 2.1.4 Using Hess Cycles
                                                                                                • 2.1.5 Bond Enthalpies
                                                                                                • 2.2 Intermolecular Forces
                                                                                                  • 2.2.1 Intermolecular Forces - Introduction
                                                                                                    • 2.2.2 Hydrogen Bonding
                                                                                                      • 2.2.3 Physical Properties
                                                                                                        • 2.2.4 Solvent Choice
                                                                                                        • 2.3 Redox Chemistry & Acid-Base Titrations
                                                                                                          • 2.3.1 Oxidation Numbers - Introduction
                                                                                                            • 2.3.2 Oxidation & Reduction
                                                                                                              • 2.3.3 Disproportionation Reactions
                                                                                                                • 2.3.4 Ionic Equations
                                                                                                                  • 2.3.5 Acid-Base Titrations with Indicators
                                                                                                                  • 2.4 Groups 1 & 2
                                                                                                                    • 2.4.1 Ionisation Energy - Groups 1 & 2
                                                                                                                      • 2.4.2 Reactivity - Groups 1 & 2
                                                                                                                        • 2.4.3 Oxides & Hydroxides
                                                                                                                          • 2.4.4 Group 2 Hydroxides & Sulfates
                                                                                                                            • 2.4.5 Nitrates & Carbonates
                                                                                                                              • 2.4.6 Flame Tests
                                                                                                                                • 2.4.7 Qualitative Tests
                                                                                                                                • 2.5 Group 7
                                                                                                                                  • 2.5.1 Trends of the Group 7 Elements
                                                                                                                                    • 2.5.2 Halogen Displacement Reactions
                                                                                                                                      • 2.5.3 Redox Reactions of the Halogens
                                                                                                                                        • 2.5.4 Other Reactions of the Halogens
                                                                                                                                        • 2.6 Introduction to Kinetics & Equilibria
                                                                                                                                          • 2.6.1 Collision Theory
                                                                                                                                            • 2.6.2 Rates of Reaction
                                                                                                                                              • 2.6.3 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions
                                                                                                                                                • 2.6.4 Catalysts & Energy
                                                                                                                                                  • 2.6.5 Dynamic Equilibrium in Reversible Reactions
                                                                                                                                                    • 2.6.6 Le Chatelier's Principle
                                                                                                                                                      • 2.6.7 Industrial Compromises
                                                                                                                                                      • 2.7 Organic Chemistry - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                        • 2.7.1 Types of Reaction
                                                                                                                                                          • 2.7.2 Reaction Mechanisms - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                          • 2.8 Organic Chemistry: Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                            • 2.8.1 Halogenoalkanes - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                              • 2.8.2 Reactions of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                • 2.8.3 The Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                  • 2.8.4 Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                    • 2.8.5 Trends in Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                    • 2.9 Organic Chemistry: Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                      • 2.9.1 Alcohols - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                        • 2.9.2 Reactions of Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                          • 2.9.3 Oxidation of Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                          • 2.10 Organic Chemistry: Techniques & Spectra
                                                                                                                                                                            • 2.10.1 Organic Chemistry Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                              • 2.10.2 Interpreting Mass Spectra
                                                                                                                                                                                • 2.10.3 Using Infrared Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                              • 3: Practical Skills in Chemistry I
                                                                                                                                                                                • 3.1 Physical Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.1.1 Molar Volume of a Gas
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.1.2 Determining Enthalpy Change of Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.1.3 Determining Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.1.4 Standard Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.2 Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 3.2.1 Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 3.2.2 Chlorination of 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.2.3 Propan-1-ol Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 3.2.4 AS Qualitative Analysis


                                                                                                                                                                                                DOWNLOAD PDF

                                                                                                                                                                                              Author: Richard

                                                                                                                                                                                              Richard has taught Chemistry for over 15 years as well as working as a science tutor, examiner, content creator and author. He wasn’t the greatest at exams and only discovered how to revise in his final year at university. That knowledge made him want to help students learn how to revise, challenge them to think about what they actually know and hopefully succeed; so here he is, happily, at SME.


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