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Edexcel International A Level Physics

Revision Notes

Home / International A Level / Physics / Edexcel / Revision Notes / 5. Thermodynamics, Radiation, Oscillations & Cosmology / Black Body Radiation / 5.37 Black Body Radiation


5.37 Black Body Radiation


Black Body Radiation

  • Black body radiation is the name given to the thermal radiation emitted by all bodies (objects)
  • All objects, no matter what temperature, emit black body radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves
  • These electromagnetic waves usually lie in the infrared region of the spectrum but could be emitted in the form of visible light or other wavelengths, depending on the temperature
  • The hotter object, the more infrared radiation it radiates in a given time

Leslie-cube, IGCSE & GCSE Physics revision notes

The infrared emitted from a hot object can be detected using a special camera

  • A perfect black body is defined as:

An object that absorbs all of the radiation incident on it and does not reflect or transmit any radiation

  • Since a good absorber is also a good emitter, a perfect black body would be the best possible emitter too
  • As a result, an object which perfectly absorbs all radiation will be black
    • This is because the colour black is what is seen when all colours from the visible light spectrum are absorbed

Absorption and Emission For Different Colours TablePerfect Black Body Table, downloadable IGCSE & GCSE Physics revision notes

Black Body Radiation Curves

  • All bodies (objects) emit a spectrum of thermal radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves
  • The intensity and wavelength distribution of any emitted waves depends on the temperature of the body
  • This is represented on a black body radiation curve
    • As the temperature increases, the peak of the curve moves

Black Body Curve

Black body spectrum for objects of different temperatures

  • From the electromagnetic spectrum, waves with a smaller wavelength have higher energy (e.g. UV rays, X-rays)
  • When an object gets hotter, the amount of thermal radiation it emits increases
    • This increases the thermal energy emitted and therefore the wavelength of the emitted radiation decreases

  • An ideal black body radiator is one that absorbs and emits all wavelengths 
    • This idealised black body is a theoretical object
    • However, stars are the best approximation there is
  • The radiation emitted from a black body has a characteristic spectrum that is determined by the temperature alone

Wiens Law Graph

The intensity-wavelength graph shows how thermodynamic temperature links to the peak wavelength for four different bodies



  • 1. Mechanics & Materials
    • Motion
      • 1.1 Equations of Motion
        • 1.2 Motion Graphs
          • 1.3 Slope & Area of Motion Graphs
            • 1.4 Scalars & Vectors
              • 1.5 Resolving Vectors
                • 1.6 Adding Vectors
                  • 1.7 Components of Velocity
                    • 1.8 Free-body Force Diagrams
                    • Forces & Momentum
                      • 1.9 Force & Acceleration
                        • 1.10 Mass, Weight & Gravitational Field Strength
                          • 1.11 Core Practical 1: Investigating the Acceleration of Freefall
                            • 1.12 Newton's Third Law of Motion
                              • 1.13 Momentum
                                • 1.14 Conservation of Linear Momentum
                                • Moments
                                  • 1.15 Moments
                                    • 1.16 Centre of Gravity & The Principle of Moments
                                    • Work, Energy & Power
                                      • 1.17 Work
                                        • 1.18 Kinetic Energy
                                          • 1.19 Gravitational Potential Energy
                                            • 1.20 The Principle of Conservation of Energy
                                              • 1.21 Power
                                                • 1.22 Efficiency
                                                • Density, Upthrust & Viscous Drag
                                                  • 1.23 Density
                                                    • 1.24 Upthrust
                                                      • 1.25 Viscous Drag
                                                      • Stretching Materials
                                                        • 1.27 Hooke's Law
                                                          • 1.28 Stress, Strain & The Young Modulus
                                                            • 1.29 Force-Extension Graphs
                                                              • 1.30 Stress-Strain Graphs
                                                                • 1.31 Core Practical 3: Investigating Young Modulus
                                                                  • 1.32 Elastic Strain Energy
                                                                • 2. Waves & Electricity
                                                                  • Transverse & Longitudinal Waves
                                                                    • 2.1 Properties of Waves
                                                                      • 2.2 The Wave Equation
                                                                        • 2.3 Longitudinal Waves
                                                                          • 2.4 Transverse Waves
                                                                            • 2.5 Representing Waves on Graphs
                                                                            • Interference & Stationary Waves
                                                                              • 2.7 Interference & Superposition of Waves
                                                                                • 2.8 Phase & Path Difference
                                                                                  • 2.9 Stationary Waves
                                                                                    • 2.10 Wave Speed on a Stretched Spring
                                                                                      • 2.11 Core Practical 5: Investigating Stationary Waves
                                                                                      • Refraction, Reflection & Polarisation
                                                                                        • 2.12 Equation for the Intensity of Radiation
                                                                                          • 2.13 Refraction & Refractive Index
                                                                                            • 2.14 Critical Angle
                                                                                              • 2.15 Total Internal Reflection
                                                                                                • 2.16 Measuring Refractive Index
                                                                                                  • 2.17 Plane Polarisation
                                                                                                  • Waves, Electrons & Photons
                                                                                                    • 2.19 The Diffraction Grating Equation
                                                                                                      • 2.20 Core Practical 6: Investigating Diffraction Gratings
                                                                                                        • 2.21 The Wave Nature of Electrons
                                                                                                          • 2.22 The de Broglie Equation
                                                                                                            • 2.23 Transmission & Reflection of Waves
                                                                                                              • 2.24 Pulse-Echo Technique
                                                                                                                • 2.25 Wave-Particle Duality
                                                                                                                  • 2.26 Energy of a Photon
                                                                                                                  • The Photoelectric Effect & Atomic Spectra
                                                                                                                    • 2.27 The Photoelectric Effect
                                                                                                                      • 2.28 The Photoelectric Equation
                                                                                                                        • 2.29 The Electronvolt
                                                                                                                          • 2.30 The Particle Nature of EM Radiation
                                                                                                                            • 2.31 Atomic Line Spectra
                                                                                                                            • Current, Potential Difference, Resistance & Power
                                                                                                                              • 2.32 Electric Current
                                                                                                                                • 2.33 Potential Difference
                                                                                                                                  • 2.34 Ohm's Law
                                                                                                                                    • 2.35 Charge Conservation in Circuits
                                                                                                                                      • 2.36 Energy Conservation in Circuits
                                                                                                                                        • 2.37 Resistance in Series & Parallel
                                                                                                                                          • 2.38 Electrical Power
                                                                                                                                            • 2.39 Current-Potential Difference Graphs
                                                                                                                                            • Resistance, Resistivity & Potential Dividers
                                                                                                                                              • 2.40 Electrical Resistivity
                                                                                                                                                • 2.41 Core Practical 7: Investigating Resistivity
                                                                                                                                                  • 2.42 Calculating Current & Drift Velocity
                                                                                                                                                    • 2.43 Potential Difference & Conductor Length
                                                                                                                                                      • 2.44 Potential Dividers
                                                                                                                                                        • 2.45 Potential Dividers & Variable Resistance
                                                                                                                                                        • E.M.F & Modelling Resistance
                                                                                                                                                          • 2.46 Electromotive Force
                                                                                                                                                            • 2.47 Internal Resistance
                                                                                                                                                              • 2.48 E.M.F. vs. Terminal Potential Difference
                                                                                                                                                                • 2.49 Core Practical 8: Investigating E.M.F. & Internal Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                  • 2.50 Resistance & Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                    • 2.51 Resistance & Illumination
                                                                                                                                                                  • 3. Practical Skills in Physics I
                                                                                                                                                                    • Practical Skills I: Planning
                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.1 Identifying Apparatus
                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.2 Range & Resolution of Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                          • 3.3 Calibrating Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                            • 3.4 Measuring Variables
                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.5 Control Variables & Fair Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                • 3.6 Repeat Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.7 Health & Safety
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.8 Data Collection
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.9 Uncertainty & Systematic Errors
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.10 Wider Implications
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Practical Skills I: Implementation & Measurements
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 3.11 Number of Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 3.12 Range of Measurements
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.13 Significant Figures
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 3.14 Anomalous Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.15 Using a Micrometer
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.16 Evaluating Experiments
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practical Skills I: Processing Results
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.17 Calculations using Experimental Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.18 Plotting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 3.19 Using Units Correctly
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 3.20 Identifying Graphical Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.21 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 3.22 Reducing Errors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.23 Suggesting Improvements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.24 Uncertainties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.25 Determining Uncertainty
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4. Further Mechanics, Fields & Particles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Momentum & Impulse
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1 Impulse
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.2 Core Practical 9: Investigating Impulse
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.3 Applying Conservation of Linear Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.4 Core Practical 10: Investigating Collisions using ICT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.5 Elastic & Inelastic Collisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.6 Energy-Momentum Relation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Circular Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.7 Radians & Angular Displacement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.8 Angular Velocity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.10 Maintaining Circular Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.11 Centripetal Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Electric Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.12 Defining an Electric Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.13 Electric Field Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.14 Electric Force between Two Charges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.15 Electric Field due to a Point Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.16 Electric Field & Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.17 Electric Field between Parallel Plates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.18 Electric Potential for a Radial Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.19 Representing Radial & Uniform Electric Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capacitance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.20 Capacitance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.21 Energy Stored by a Capacitor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.22 Charge & Discharge Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.23 Core Practical 11: Investigating Capacitor Charge & Discharge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.24 Exponential Discharge in a Capacitor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.25 Magnetic Flux Density, Flux & Flux Linkage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.26 Magnetic Force on a Charged Particle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.27 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.28 Induced E.M.F in a Moving Coil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.29 Induced E.M.F between Linked Coils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.30 Faraday & Lenz's Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Exploring the Structure of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.31 Nucleon & Proton Number
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.32 The Nuclear Model of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.33 Thermionic Emission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.34 Particle Accelerators & Detectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.35 Radius of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.36 Interpreting Particle Tracks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.37 High Energy Particle Collisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.38 Annihilation of Matter & Antimatter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.39 Unit Conversions for Energy & Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.40 Relativistic Situations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Particle Interactions & Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.41 The Standard Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.42 Antimatter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.43 Conservation Laws in Particle Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.44 Particle Interaction Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5. Thermodynamics, Radiation, Oscillations & Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Thermal Energy Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.1 Specific Heat Capacity & Latent Heat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.2 Core Practical 12: Calibrating a Thermistor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.3 Core Practical 13: Investigating Specific Latent Heat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Kinetic Theory & Ideal Gases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.4 Internal Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.5 Temperature & Absolute Zero
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.6 Ideal Gas Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.7 Core Practical 14: Investigating Gas Pressure & Volume
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.8 Average Molecular Kinetic Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Nuclear Fusion & Fission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.9 Nuclear Binding Energy & Mass Deficit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.10 Atomic Mass Unit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.11 Binding Energy per Nucleon Graph
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.12 Nuclear Fusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Radioactivity Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.14 Alpha, Beta & Gamma Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.15 Nuclear Decay Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.16 Core Practical 15: Investigating Gamma Radiation Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.17 The Random Nature of Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.18 Equations for Nuclear Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Simple Harmonic Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.19 Conditions for Simple Harmonic Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.20 Equations for Simple Harmonic Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.21 Period of Simple Harmonic Oscillators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.22 Displacement-Time Graph for an Oscillator
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.23 Velocity-Time Graph for an Oscillator
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.24 Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.25 Core Practical 16: Investigating Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.26 Damped & Undamped Oscillating Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.27 Free & Forced Oscillations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.28 Resonance Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.29 Damping & Plastic Deformation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Gravitational Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.30 Gravitational Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.31 Gravitational Field Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.32 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.33 Gravitational Field due to a Point Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.34 Gravitational Potential for a Radial Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.35 Comparing Electric & Gravitational Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.36 Orbital Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Black Body Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.37 Black Body Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.38 Stefan-Boltzmann Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.39 Wien’s Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.40 Inverse Square Law of Flux
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.41 Parallax
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.42 Standard Candles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.43 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.44 The Life Cycle of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.45 Doppler Shift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.46 Equations for Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.47 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6. Practical Skills in Physics II
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Practical Skills II: Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.2 Calibrating Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.3 Measuring Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.4 Control Variables & Fair Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.5 Repeat Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.6 Health & Safety
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.7 Data Collection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practical Skills II: Implementation & Measurements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.8 Evaluating Experiments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.9 Number of Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.10 Range of Measurements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.11 Significant Figures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.12 Correcting Units
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.13 Anomalous Readings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Practical Skills II: Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.14 Calculations using Experimental Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.16 Using Units Correctly
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.17 Trend & Patterns in Experimental Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.18 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.19 Precision & Accuracy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.20 Reducing Errors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.21 Suggesting Improvements


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Author: Ashika

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Ashika graduated with a first-class Physics degree from Manchester University and, having worked as a software engineer, focused on Physics education, creating engaging content to help students across all levels. Now an experienced GCSE and A Level Physics and Maths tutor, Ashika helps to grow and improve our Physics resources.


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