Edexcel International A Level Maths: Mechanics 2

Revision Notes

2.1.1 Particles

Test Yourself

Particles Along a Straight Line

What is/are centres of mass?

  • The centre of mass of a body (or a system of bodies) is the point at which the total mass of the body (or system) can be considered to act as one
    • It is the single point at which the (force) weight ( W = mg)of the whole system acts
  • Bodies are modelled as particles

What is meant by particles along a straight line?

  • This is when several particles making a system are arranged in a straight line
  • This will be either horizontally or vertically – usually with reference to the x-axis or y-axis
    • left parenthesis x with bar on top comma space 0 right parenthesis would be the coordinates of the centre of mass along the x-axis
    • left parenthesis 0 comma space y with bar on top right parenthesis would be the coordinates of the centre of mass along the y-axis

So the particles do not have to be connected to each other?

  • Not necessarily.
  • Any object that is used to connect the particles can affect the centre of mass (see Revision Note 2.1.7 Non-uniform Objects & Other Problems) unless it is modelled as being light
    • e.g. Tins of paint (particles) placed at various points along a plank of wood (connecting object)
      • If the plank of wood is modelled as light it will have no influence on the position of the centre of mass – i.e. it can be ignored

How do I find the centre of mass of a system of particles along a straight line

  • Firstly, if no axis or origin have been given in a question, you will need to create your own
    • For example, the left-hand edge of the plank of wood could be the origin with the x-axis increasing towards the right-hand edge of the plank of wood

9sR-yGB8_2-1-1-fig1-creating-axis-origin

  • In general for a system of n particles with masses m subscript 1 comma space m subscript 2 comma space m subscript 3 comma..... m subscript n placed along the x-axis at the points with coordinates left parenthesis x subscript 1 comma space 0 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis x subscript 2 comma space 0 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis x subscript 3 comma space 0 right parenthesis comma.... left parenthesis x subscript n comma space 0 right parenthesis, the centre of mass, point (x with bar on top , 0) is found by solving

sum from i space equals 1 to n of m subscript i x subscript i space equals x with bar on top space sum from i space equals 1 to n of m subscript i

  • We’re sure you can figure out the equivalent equation for particles placed along the y-axis!

STEP 1        Draw a diagram indicating the particles and their positions on the line.

                     This does not need to be a scale diagram but should indicate the axis and origin.

                     (Remember you may have to create your own axis and origin.)

                     If given a diagram, add anything necessary to it.

                       

STEP 2       Set up an equation for the -coordinate for the centre of mass using

begin inline style sum for blank of end stylem subscript i x subscript i space equals space x with bar on top space sum for blank ofm subscript i

                    (This is the same equation as above but you may sometimes see

                    it with the n  and the i =1 removed, as we have done here.)

STEP 3       Solve the equation and answer the question.

         This may be giving the centre of mass as coordinates or describing its position relative to an object or body.

                   You can check your answer is sensible by comparing it to the location of the particles.

Worked example

A set of 3 disco lights are modelled as being particles placed every 20 cm along a horizontal light rod.  The first light is located 15 cm from the end of the rod that is connected to the electricity supply.  Starting with the first light, in order, the lights have masses of 5 kg, 7 kg and 8 kg.

Describe the position of the centre of mass of the disco lights in terms of its distance from the end of the rod that is connected to the electricity supply.

2-1-1-fig2-we-solution-1

Exam Tip

  • Sketch diagram(s) or add to any given in a question.
  • If not referenced in a question create a coordinate system of your own, making it clear on your diagram(s) where the origin is.

Particles in a (2D) plane

What is meant by particles in a (2D) plane?

  • Particles in a (2D) plane refers to a system where particles are arranged on a surface
    • e.g. The playing pieces (particles) on a chess board (plane)
  • The two dimensions are horizontal and vertical
    • Cartesian (x -y axes) coordinates are used to describe the positions of the particles with left parenthesis x with bar on top comma space y with bar on top right parenthesis being the coordinates of the centre of mass of the system
  • If the particles are connected by an object – including the plane itself - the centre of mass may be affected (see Revision Note 2.1.7 Non-uniform Objects & Other Problems) - unless the connecting object is modelled as being light

How do I find the centre of mass of a system of particles in a (2D) plane?

  • Firstly, if no axis or origin have been given in a question, you will need to create your own
    • For example, the bottom left corner of a sheet of metal edge could be the origin with the x-axis running along the bottom edge of the sheet and the y-axis running up the left hand side of the sheet.

J1omHwfU_2-1-1-fig3-2d-creating-axes-origin

  • In general for a system of n particles with masses m subscript 1 comma space m subscript 2 comma space m subscript 3 comma.... placed in a 2D plane at the points with coordinates left parenthesis x subscript 1 comma space y subscript 1 right parenthesis, left parenthesis x subscript 2 comma space y subscript 2 right parenthesis comma space left parenthesis x subscript 3 comma space y subscript 3 right parenthesis..... comma left parenthesis x subscript n comma space y subscript n right parenthesis commathe centre of mass, point left parenthesis x with bar on top comma space space y with bar on top right parenthesis is found by solving

sum from i equals 1 to n of m subscript i r subscript i space equals space r with bar on top sum from i equals 1 to n of m subscript i

where r subscript i space equals x subscript i bold i space plus y subscript i bold j are the position vectors of the particles and
 top enclose r space equals top enclose x bold i space plus top enclose y bold j is the position vector of the centre of mass

  • (Position) vectors can be given as column vectors; open parentheses table row x row y end table close parentheses or in i-j  notationbegin mathsize 16px style x bold i plus y bold j end style
  • Alternatively the two dimensions can be separated creating two systems of particles in a straight line
    • Use the equations  sum m subscript i x subscript i equals x with bar on top space sum m subscript i and sum m subscript i space y subscript i equals y with bar on top space sum m subscript i   to find the coordinates of the centre of mass, separately
    • Remember to give your final answer in the form left parenthesis x with bar on top comma space y with bar on top right parenthesis

STEP 1       Draw a diagram indicating the particles and their positions on the plane.

                    This does not need to be a scale diagram but should indicate the axes and origin.

                    (Remember you may have to create your own axes and origin.)

                    If given a diagram, add anything necessary to it.

STEP 2       Set up an equation for the position vector of the centre of mass using

sum m subscript i r subscript i equals r with bar on top space sum m subscript i

(This is the same equation as above but you may sometimes see it with the n  and th   i =1 removed, as we have done here.)

                     Alternatively, you can set up separate equations for begin mathsize 16px style x with bar on top end style  and begin mathsize 16px style y with bar on top end style.

STEP 3        Solve the equation(s) and answer the question.

This may be giving the position of the centre of mass as coordinates, a position vector or describing its position relative to an object or body (including the plane).

You can check your answer is sensible by comparing it to the location of the particles.

Worked example

A system of two particles lies in the x-y plane.  The first particle has mass 2.4 kg and is located at the point (-3, -2) . The second particle has mass 7.6 kg and is located at the point left parenthesis p comma q right parenthesis.  Given that the coordinates of the centre of mass of the system is (0.04, 3.32) find the values of p  and q.

2-1-1-fig4-2d-we-solution-1

Exam Tip

  • Sketch diagram(s) or add to any given in a question.
  • If not referenced in a question create a coordinate system of your own, making it clear on your diagram(s) where the origin is.
  • You do not have to use vector notation; you can treat each dimension separately.  However, do ensure your final answer is in the required format.

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Paul

Author: Paul

Paul has taught mathematics for 20 years and has been an examiner for Edexcel for over a decade. GCSE, A level, pure, mechanics, statistics, discrete – if it’s in a Maths exam, Paul will know about it. Paul is a passionate fan of clear and colourful notes with fascinating diagrams – one of the many reasons he is excited to be a member of the SME team.