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Edexcel International A Level Chemistry

Revision Notes

Home / International A Level / Chemistry / Edexcel / Revision Notes / 6. Practical Skills in Chemistry II / 6.2 Advanced Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Core Practicals / 6.2.1 Redox Titration - Iron(II) & Manganate(VII)


6.2.1 Redox Titration - Iron(II) & Manganate(VII)


Core Practical 13a: Iron(II) & Manganate(VII) Titration

Redox Titrations

  • In a titration, the concentration of a solution is determined by titrating with a solution of known concentration.
  • In redox titrations, an oxidising agent is titrated against a reducing agent
  • Electrons are transferred from one species to the other
  • Indicators are sometimes used to show the endpoint of the titration
  • However, most transition metal ions naturally change colour when changing oxidation state
  • There are two common redox titrations you should know about manganate(VII) titrations and iodine-thiosulfate titrations

Potassium manganate(VII) titrations

  • In these redox titrations the manganate(VII) is the oxidising agent and is reduced to Mn2+(aq)
  • The iron is the reducing agent and is oxidised to Fe2+(aq) and the reaction mixture must be acidified, to excess acid is added to the iron(II) ions before the reaction begins
  • The choice of acid is important, as it must not react with the manganate(VII) ions, so the acid normally used is dilute sulfuric acid
    • As it does not oxidise under these conditions and does not react with the manganate(VII) ions

  • You could be asked why other acids are not suitable for this redox titration in the exam so make sure you understand the suitability of dilute sulfuric acid

Table Explaining why Other Acids are not Suitable for the Redox Titration

Indicator and end point

  • Potassium permanganate acts as its own indicator, as the purple potassium permanganate solution is added to the titration flask from the burette and reacts rapidly with the Fe2+(aq)
    • The burette used in this practical should be one with white numbering not black, as you would struggle to read the values for your titres against the purple colour of the potassium permanganate if black numbering was used

  • The manganese(II) ions, Mn2+(aq), have a very pale pink colour but they are present in such a low concentration that the solution looks colourless
  • As soon as all of the iron(II), Fe2+(aq), ions have reacted with the added manganate(VII) ions, Mn7+(aq), a pale pink tinge appears in the flask due to an excess of manganate(VII) ions, Mn7+(aq)

Redox titration colour change for potassium permanganate and iron(II) ions

Worked Example

   Equations

   Find the stoichiometry for the reaction and complete the two half equations:

MnO4- (aq) + 5e- + 8H+ (aq) → Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O (l)

Fe2+ (aq) → Fe3+ (aq) + e-

   Answers:

   Balance the electrons:

MnO4- (aq) + 5e- + 8H+ (aq) → Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O (l)

5Fe2+ (aq) → 5Fe3+ (aq) + 5e-

   Add the two half equations:

MnO4- (aq) + 8H+ (aq) 5Fe2+ (aq) → Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O (l) + 5Fe3+ (aq)

  • Manganate(VII) titrations can be used to determine:
    • The percentage purity of iron supplements
  • Percentage purity = fraction numerator mass space of space sample over denominator mass space of space impure space sample end fraction space cross times space 100 
    • The formula of a sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid

Worked Example

Analysis of iron tablets

An iron tablet, weighing 0.960 g was dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid. An average titre of 28.50 cm3 of 0.0180 mol dm-3 potassium manganate(VII) solution was needed to reach the endpoint.

What is the percentage by mass of iron in the tablet?

   Answer:

    • MnO4- (aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5Fe2+ → Mn2+ (aq) + 5Fe3+ (aq) + 4H2O (l)
    • 1 : 5 ratio of MnO4- : Fe2+
    • Number of moles of MnO4- (aq)equals space fraction numerator 0.0180 space cross times space 25.0 over denominator 1000 end fraction space equals5.13 x 10-4 moles 
    • Moles of iron(II) = 5 x 5.13 x 10-4 = 2.565 x 10-3 moles
    • Mass of iron(II) = 56.0 x 2.565 x 10-3 = 0.14364 g
    • Percentage by mass = equals space fraction numerator 0.14364 over denominator 0.960 end fraction space cross times 100 equals space15.0%


  • 1. Structure, Bonding & Introduction to Organic Chemistry
    • 1.1 Formulae & Equations
      • 1.1.1 Formulae & Mass
        • 1.1.2 Avogadro & the Mole
          • 1.1.3 Full & Ionic Equations
            • 1.1.4 Calculating Formulae
            • 1.2 Amount of Substance
              • 1.2.1 Concentration Calculations
                • 1.2.2 Reacting Mass Calculations
                  • 1.2.3 Reacting Volume Calculations
                    • 1.2.4 Calculations of Product
                    • 1.3 Atomic Structure
                      • 1.3.1 Sub-Atomic Particles
                        • 1.3.2 Isotopes & Mass Spectra
                        • 1.4 Electrons & Ions
                          • 1.4.1 Endothermic Ionisation Energy
                            • 1.4.2 Electronic Structures
                              • 1.4.3 Shapes of Orbitals
                                • 1.4.4 Electronic Configurations & Chemical Properties
                                • 1.5 The Periodic Table
                                  • 1.5.1 Periodicity - Ionisation Energy
                                    • 1.5.2 Periodicity - Thermal Trends
                                    • 1.6 Ionic & Metallic Bonding & Structure
                                      • 1.6.1 Evidence of Ions
                                        • 1.6.2 Ionic Bonding & Structures
                                          • 1.6.3 Ionic Bond Strength
                                            • 1.6.4 Polarisation
                                              • 1.6.5 Metallic Bonding & Lattices
                                              • 1.7 Covalent Bonding & Structure
                                                • 1.7.1 Evidence of Covalent Bonding
                                                  • 1.7.2 Covalent Bonding
                                                    • 1.7.3 Carbon Allotropes
                                                      • 1.7.4 Electronegativity
                                                        • 1.7.5 VSEPR Theory
                                                          • 1.7.6 Predicting Shapes & Angles
                                                          • 1.8 Introductory Organic Chemistry
                                                            • 1.8.1 Hazards & Risks
                                                              • 1.8.2 Functional Groups & Homologous Series
                                                                • 1.8.3 Nomenclature & Classification
                                                                  • 1.8.4 Isomers - Structural
                                                                  • 1.9 Alkanes
                                                                    • 1.9.1 Alkanes - Introduction
                                                                      • 1.9.2 Alkanes as Fuels
                                                                        • 1.9.3 Combustion of Alkanes
                                                                          • 1.9.4 Alternative Fuels
                                                                            • 1.9.5 Free Radicals & Fission
                                                                              • 1.9.6 The Free Radical Substitution Mechanism
                                                                              • 1.10 Alkenes
                                                                                • 1.10.1 Alkenes - Introduction
                                                                                  • 1.10.2 Isomers - Geometric
                                                                                    • 1.10.3 Reactions of Alkenes
                                                                                      • 1.10.4 Saturation Test
                                                                                        • 1.10.5 Electrophilic Addition - Mechanism
                                                                                          • 1.10.6 Addition Polymerisation
                                                                                            • 1.10.7 Polymer Disposal
                                                                                          • 2: Energetics, Group Chemistry, Halogenoalkanes & Alcohols
                                                                                            • 2.1 Energetics
                                                                                              • 2.1.1 Enthalpy Level Diagrams
                                                                                                • 2.1.2 Enthalpy Change - Definitions
                                                                                                  • 2.1.3 Using Calorimetry
                                                                                                    • 2.1.4 Using Hess Cycles
                                                                                                      • 2.1.5 Bond Enthalpies
                                                                                                      • 2.2 Intermolecular Forces
                                                                                                        • 2.2.1 Intermolecular Forces - Introduction
                                                                                                          • 2.2.2 Hydrogen Bonding
                                                                                                            • 2.2.3 Physical Properties
                                                                                                              • 2.2.4 Solvent Choice
                                                                                                              • 2.3 Redox Chemistry & Acid-Base Titrations
                                                                                                                • 2.3.1 Oxidation Numbers - Introduction
                                                                                                                  • 2.3.2 Oxidation & Reduction
                                                                                                                    • 2.3.3 Disproportionation Reactions
                                                                                                                      • 2.3.4 Ionic Equations
                                                                                                                        • 2.3.5 Acid-Base Titrations with Indicators
                                                                                                                        • 2.4 Groups 1 & 2
                                                                                                                          • 2.4.1 Ionisation Energy - Groups 1 & 2
                                                                                                                            • 2.4.2 Reactivity - Groups 1 & 2
                                                                                                                              • 2.4.3 Oxides & Hydroxides
                                                                                                                                • 2.4.4 Group 2 Hydroxides & Sulfates
                                                                                                                                  • 2.4.5 Nitrates & Carbonates
                                                                                                                                    • 2.4.6 Flame Tests
                                                                                                                                      • 2.4.7 Qualitative Tests
                                                                                                                                      • 2.5 Group 7
                                                                                                                                        • 2.5.1 Trends of the Group 7 Elements
                                                                                                                                          • 2.5.2 Halogen Displacement Reactions
                                                                                                                                            • 2.5.3 Redox Reactions of the Halogens
                                                                                                                                              • 2.5.4 Other Reactions of the Halogens
                                                                                                                                              • 2.6 Introduction to Kinetics & Equilibria
                                                                                                                                                • 2.6.1 Collision Theory
                                                                                                                                                  • 2.6.2 Rates of Reaction
                                                                                                                                                    • 2.6.3 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions
                                                                                                                                                      • 2.6.4 Catalysts & Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • 2.6.5 Dynamic Equilibrium in Reversible Reactions
                                                                                                                                                          • 2.6.6 Le Chatelier's Principle
                                                                                                                                                            • 2.6.7 Industrial Compromises
                                                                                                                                                            • 2.7 Organic Chemistry - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                              • 2.7.1 Types of Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                • 2.7.2 Reaction Mechanisms - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                • 2.8 Organic Chemistry: Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                  • 2.8.1 Halogenoalkanes - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                    • 2.8.2 Reactions of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                      • 2.8.3 The Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                        • 2.8.4 Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                          • 2.8.5 Trends in Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                          • 2.9 Organic Chemistry: Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                            • 2.9.1 Alcohols - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                              • 2.9.2 Reactions of Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                                • 2.9.3 Oxidation of Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                                • 2.10 Organic Chemistry: Techniques & Spectra
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 2.10.1 Organic Chemistry Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2.10.2 Interpreting Mass Spectra
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 2.10.3 Using Infrared Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 3. Practical Skills in Chemistry I
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.1 Physical Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.1.1 Molar Volume of a Gas
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 3.1.2 Determining Enthalpy Change of Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 3.1.3 Determining Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.1.4 Standard Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.2 Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 3.2.1 Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.2.2 Chlorination of 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.2.3 Propan-1-ol Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.2.4 AS Qualitative Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4: Rates, Equilibria & Further Organic Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.1 Kinetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1.1 Kinetic Rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.1.2 Rate Equations & Orders
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.1.3 Reaction Orders - Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.1.4 Obtaining Rate Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.1.5 Initial-Rate Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.1.6 Continuous Monitoring Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.1.7 Rate-Determining Steps from Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.1.8 Reaction Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1.9 Acid-Catalysed Iodination of Propanone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.1.10 Activation Energy & Arrhenius
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.2 Entropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.2.1 Entropy - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.2.2 Entropy Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.2.3 Total Entropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.2.4 Reaction Feasibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.3 Energetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.3.1 Born-Haber Cycles - Key Terms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.3.2 Born-Haber Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.3.3 Polarisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.3.4 Enthalpy of Solution - Key Terms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.3.5 Enthalpy of Solution - Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.3.6 Enthalpy of Solution - Ionic Charge & Radius
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.4 Chemical Equilibria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.4.1 Equilibrium Constant, Kc
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.4.2 Equilibrium Constant, Kp
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.4.3 Equilibrium Constant & Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.4.4 Equilibrium Constant & Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.4.5 Equilibrium Constant & Entropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.5 Acid-base Equilibria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.5.1 Brønsted–Lowry Acid & Base Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.5.2 pH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.5.3 Acid Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.5.4 pH Calculations of Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.5.5. Ionic Product of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.5.6 Analysing pH Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.5.7 Titration Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.5.8 Buffers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.5.9 Buffer Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.6 Organic Chemistry: Chirality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.6.1 Chirality in Optical Isomers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.6.2 Racemates & Optical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.6.3 Mechanisms & Optical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.7 Organic Chemistry: Carbonyls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.7.1 Carbonyls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.7.2 Reactions of Carbonyls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.8 Organic Chemistry: Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.8.1 Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.8.2 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.8.3 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.8.4 Acyl Chlorides & Esters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.8.5 Acid & Alkaline Hydrolysis of Esters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.8.6 Forming Polyesters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.9 Organic Analytical Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.9.1 High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.9.2 Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.9.3 Low Resolution Proton NMR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.9.4 High Resolution Proton NMR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.9.5 Chromatography - TLC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.9.6 Chromatography - HPLC & GC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5. Transition Metals & Organic Nitrogen Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.1 Redox Equilibria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.1.1 Reduction & Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.1.2 Standard Electrode Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.1.3 Standard Electrode Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.1.4 Conventional Cell Representation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.1.5 Thermodynamics & Electrode Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.1.6 Fuel Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.1.7 Redox Titration Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.2 Transition Metals & Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.2.1 Transition Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.2.2 Transition Metal Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.2.3 Colour in Aqueous ions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.2.4 Ligands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.2.5 Ligand Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.2.6 Octahedral & Tetrahedral Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.2.7 Square Planar Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.2.8 Haemoglobin & Ligand Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.3 Transition Metal Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.3.1 Vanadium Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.3.2 Chromium Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.3.3 Ions in Aqueous Solution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.3.4 Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.3.5 Homogeneous Catalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.3.6 Autocatalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.4 Organic Chemistry: Arenes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.4.1 Benzene - Structure & Stability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.4.2 Benzene Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.4.3 Benzene - Electrophilic Substitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.4.4 Phenol Bromination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.5 Organic Chemistry: Nitrogen Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.5.1 Amines, Amides & Amino Acids - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.5.2 Primary Aliphatic Amines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.5.3 Aromatic Amines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.5.4 Amides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.5.5 Polymerisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.5.6 Polyamides & Poly(ethenol)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.5.7 Characteristic Behaviour of Amino Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.6 Organic Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.6.1 Deducing Organic Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.6.2 Planning Reaction Schemes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.6.3 Increasing the Carbon Chain Length
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.6.4 Organic Techniques - Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.6.5 Organic Techniques - Purification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.6.6 Organic Techniques - Purity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6. Practical Skills in Chemistry II
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.1 Advanced Physical Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.1.1 Rates of Reaction - Titrimetric Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.1.2 Rates of Reaction - Clock Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.1.3 Activation Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.1.4 Finding Ka Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.1.5 Electrochemical Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.2 Advanced Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.2.1 Redox Titration - Iron(II) & Manganate(VII)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.2.2 Redox Titration -Thiosulfate & Iodine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.2.3 Transition Metal Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.2.4 A-Level Qualitative Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.2.5 Aspirin Preparation


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Author: Richard

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Richard has taught Chemistry for over 15 years as well as working as a science tutor, examiner, content creator and author. He wasn’t the greatest at exams and only discovered how to revise in his final year at university. That knowledge made him want to help students learn how to revise, challenge them to think about what they actually know and hopefully succeed; so here he is, happily, at SME.


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