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Edexcel International A Level Chemistry

Revision Notes

Home / International A Level / Chemistry / Edexcel / Revision Notes / 6. Practical Skills in Chemistry II / 6.1 Advanced Physical Chemistry Core Practicals / 6.1.1 Rates of Reaction - Titrimetric Method


6.1.1 Rates of Reaction - Titrimetric Method


Core Practical 9a: Titrimetric Methods

  • The reaction between iodine in an acidic solution and propanone is

CH3COCH3 (aq) + I2 (aq) → CH3COCH2I (aq) + H+ (aq) + I- (aq) 

  • We can follow the rate of this reaction by using a continuous monitoring method and therefore we will be able to deduce the order of reaction with respect to a substance using a concentration line graph 
  • We can calculate the order of reaction with respect to iodine as the propanone and acid are in a large excess so their concentration do not change during the reaction 
  • Once a portion of the reaction mixture has been removed, we stop the reaction by adding sodium hydrogencarbonate
  • Performing a titration again sodium thiosulfate(VI) solution and using starch as an indicator is used to determine the concentration of iodine

2S2O32- (aq) + I2 (aq) → 2I- (aq) + S4O62- (aq) 

Steps in the procedure 

  • Mix 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 aqueous propanone with 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulfuric acid in a beaker 
  • Add 50 cm3 of 0.02 mol dm-3 iodine solution
  • Start the stop clock as soon this is added to the beaker
  • Using a pipette, withdraw 10 cm3 portion of the reaction mixture and transfer this to a conical flask 
    • Stop this portion of the reaction by adding a spatula of sodium hydrogen carbonate
  • Titrate this sample against 0.01 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulfate(VI) solution using starch as an indicator 
    • Record your result
  • Withdraw 10 cm3 of the reaction mixture every 3 minutes and repeat the process of stopping the reaction and titrating against the sodium thiosulfate(VI) solution 

Practical tips

  • Note the time at which the sodium hydrogencarbonate is added to the withdrawn portions of reaction mixture as this is when the reaction will be stopped and the concentration of iodine can be calculated accurately
  • Keep the clock running and note the time throughout the practical rather than stopping the clock 
  • Have everything ready and set up before beginning the procedure

Results

Sample Data from the Reaction

edexcel-8-1-3-results-table

  • This graph is a straight line graph
    • As the gradient is constant, the rate of reaction is constant, and therefore independent of the concentration of the iodine solution
    • This means the reaction is zero order with respect to the iodine
    • The rate equation for the reaction is
      • Rate = k[CH3COCH3 (aq)] [H+ (aq)]

Reaction Kinetics - Zero Order Concentration, downloadable AS & A Level Chemistry revision notes

Concentration-time graphs of a zero-order reaction



  • 1. Structure, Bonding & Introduction to Organic Chemistry
    • 1.1 Formulae & Equations
      • 1.1.1 Formulae & Mass
        • 1.1.2 Avogadro & the Mole
          • 1.1.3 Full & Ionic Equations
            • 1.1.4 Calculating Formulae
            • 1.2 Amount of Substance
              • 1.2.1 Concentration Calculations
                • 1.2.2 Reacting Mass Calculations
                  • 1.2.3 Reacting Volume Calculations
                    • 1.2.4 Calculations of Product
                    • 1.3 Atomic Structure
                      • 1.3.1 Sub-Atomic Particles
                        • 1.3.2 Isotopes & Mass Spectra
                        • 1.4 Electrons & Ions
                          • 1.4.1 Endothermic Ionisation Energy
                            • 1.4.2 Electronic Structures
                              • 1.4.3 Shapes of Orbitals
                                • 1.4.4 Electronic Configurations & Chemical Properties
                                • 1.5 The Periodic Table
                                  • 1.5.1 Periodicity - Ionisation Energy
                                    • 1.5.2 Periodicity - Thermal Trends
                                    • 1.6 Ionic & Metallic Bonding & Structure
                                      • 1.6.1 Evidence of Ions
                                        • 1.6.2 Ionic Bonding & Structures
                                          • 1.6.3 Ionic Bond Strength
                                            • 1.6.4 Polarisation
                                              • 1.6.5 Metallic Bonding & Lattices
                                              • 1.7 Covalent Bonding & Structure
                                                • 1.7.1 Evidence of Covalent Bonding
                                                  • 1.7.2 Covalent Bonding
                                                    • 1.7.3 Carbon Allotropes
                                                      • 1.7.4 Electronegativity
                                                        • 1.7.5 VSEPR Theory
                                                          • 1.7.6 Predicting Shapes & Angles
                                                          • 1.8 Introductory Organic Chemistry
                                                            • 1.8.1 Hazards & Risks
                                                              • 1.8.2 Functional Groups & Homologous Series
                                                                • 1.8.3 Nomenclature & Classification
                                                                  • 1.8.4 Isomers - Structural
                                                                  • 1.9 Alkanes
                                                                    • 1.9.1 Alkanes - Introduction
                                                                      • 1.9.2 Alkanes as Fuels
                                                                        • 1.9.3 Combustion of Alkanes
                                                                          • 1.9.4 Alternative Fuels
                                                                            • 1.9.5 Free Radicals & Fission
                                                                              • 1.9.6 The Free Radical Substitution Mechanism
                                                                              • 1.10 Alkenes
                                                                                • 1.10.1 Alkenes - Introduction
                                                                                  • 1.10.2 Isomers - Geometric
                                                                                    • 1.10.3 Reactions of Alkenes
                                                                                      • 1.10.4 Saturation Test
                                                                                        • 1.10.5 Electrophilic Addition - Mechanism
                                                                                          • 1.10.6 Addition Polymerisation
                                                                                            • 1.10.7 Polymer Disposal
                                                                                          • 2: Energetics, Group Chemistry, Halogenoalkanes & Alcohols
                                                                                            • 2.1 Energetics
                                                                                              • 2.1.1 Enthalpy Level Diagrams
                                                                                                • 2.1.2 Enthalpy Change - Definitions
                                                                                                  • 2.1.3 Using Calorimetry
                                                                                                    • 2.1.4 Using Hess Cycles
                                                                                                      • 2.1.5 Bond Enthalpies
                                                                                                      • 2.2 Intermolecular Forces
                                                                                                        • 2.2.1 Intermolecular Forces - Introduction
                                                                                                          • 2.2.2 Hydrogen Bonding
                                                                                                            • 2.2.3 Physical Properties
                                                                                                              • 2.2.4 Solvent Choice
                                                                                                              • 2.3 Redox Chemistry & Acid-Base Titrations
                                                                                                                • 2.3.1 Oxidation Numbers - Introduction
                                                                                                                  • 2.3.2 Oxidation & Reduction
                                                                                                                    • 2.3.3 Disproportionation Reactions
                                                                                                                      • 2.3.4 Ionic Equations
                                                                                                                        • 2.3.5 Acid-Base Titrations with Indicators
                                                                                                                        • 2.4 Groups 1 & 2
                                                                                                                          • 2.4.1 Ionisation Energy - Groups 1 & 2
                                                                                                                            • 2.4.2 Reactivity - Groups 1 & 2
                                                                                                                              • 2.4.3 Oxides & Hydroxides
                                                                                                                                • 2.4.4 Group 2 Hydroxides & Sulfates
                                                                                                                                  • 2.4.5 Nitrates & Carbonates
                                                                                                                                    • 2.4.6 Flame Tests
                                                                                                                                      • 2.4.7 Qualitative Tests
                                                                                                                                      • 2.5 Group 7
                                                                                                                                        • 2.5.1 Trends of the Group 7 Elements
                                                                                                                                          • 2.5.2 Halogen Displacement Reactions
                                                                                                                                            • 2.5.3 Redox Reactions of the Halogens
                                                                                                                                              • 2.5.4 Other Reactions of the Halogens
                                                                                                                                              • 2.6 Introduction to Kinetics & Equilibria
                                                                                                                                                • 2.6.1 Collision Theory
                                                                                                                                                  • 2.6.2 Rates of Reaction
                                                                                                                                                    • 2.6.3 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions
                                                                                                                                                      • 2.6.4 Catalysts & Energy
                                                                                                                                                        • 2.6.5 Dynamic Equilibrium in Reversible Reactions
                                                                                                                                                          • 2.6.6 Le Chatelier's Principle
                                                                                                                                                            • 2.6.7 Industrial Compromises
                                                                                                                                                            • 2.7 Organic Chemistry - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                              • 2.7.1 Types of Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                • 2.7.2 Reaction Mechanisms - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                • 2.8 Organic Chemistry: Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                  • 2.8.1 Halogenoalkanes - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                    • 2.8.2 Reactions of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                      • 2.8.3 The Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                        • 2.8.4 Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                          • 2.8.5 Trends in Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                          • 2.9 Organic Chemistry: Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                            • 2.9.1 Alcohols - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                              • 2.9.2 Reactions of Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                                • 2.9.3 Oxidation of Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                                • 2.10 Organic Chemistry: Techniques & Spectra
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 2.10.1 Organic Chemistry Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 2.10.2 Interpreting Mass Spectra
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 2.10.3 Using Infrared Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 3. Practical Skills in Chemistry I
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.1 Physical Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.1.1 Molar Volume of a Gas
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 3.1.2 Determining Enthalpy Change of Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 3.1.3 Determining Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.1.4 Standard Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.2 Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 3.2.1 Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.2.2 Chlorination of 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.2.3 Propan-1-ol Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.2.4 AS Qualitative Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4: Rates, Equilibria & Further Organic Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.1 Kinetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1.1 Kinetic Rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.1.2 Rate Equations & Orders
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.1.3 Reaction Orders - Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.1.4 Obtaining Rate Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.1.5 Initial-Rate Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.1.6 Continuous Monitoring Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.1.7 Rate-Determining Steps from Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.1.8 Reaction Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1.9 Acid-Catalysed Iodination of Propanone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.1.10 Activation Energy & Arrhenius
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.2 Entropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.2.1 Entropy - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.2.2 Entropy Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.2.3 Total Entropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.2.4 Reaction Feasibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.3 Energetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.3.1 Born-Haber Cycles - Key Terms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.3.2 Born-Haber Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.3.3 Polarisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.3.4 Enthalpy of Solution - Key Terms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.3.5 Enthalpy of Solution - Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.3.6 Enthalpy of Solution - Ionic Charge & Radius
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.4 Chemical Equilibria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.4.1 Equilibrium Constant, Kc
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.4.2 Equilibrium Constant, Kp
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.4.3 Equilibrium Constant & Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.4.4 Equilibrium Constant & Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.4.5 Equilibrium Constant & Entropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.5 Acid-base Equilibria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.5.1 Brønsted–Lowry Acid & Base Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.5.2 pH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.5.3 Acid Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.5.4 pH Calculations of Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.5.5. Ionic Product of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.5.6 Analysing pH Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.5.7 Titration Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.5.8 Buffers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.5.9 Buffer Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.6 Organic Chemistry: Chirality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.6.1 Chirality in Optical Isomers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.6.2 Racemates & Optical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.6.3 Mechanisms & Optical Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.7 Organic Chemistry: Carbonyls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.7.1 Carbonyls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.7.2 Reactions of Carbonyls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.8 Organic Chemistry: Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.8.1 Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.8.2 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.8.3 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.8.4 Acyl Chlorides & Esters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.8.5 Acid & Alkaline Hydrolysis of Esters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.8.6 Forming Polyesters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.9 Organic Analytical Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.9.1 High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.9.2 Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.9.3 Low Resolution Proton NMR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.9.4 High Resolution Proton NMR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.9.5 Chromatography - TLC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.9.6 Chromatography - HPLC & GC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5. Transition Metals & Organic Nitrogen Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.1 Redox Equilibria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.1.1 Reduction & Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.1.2 Standard Electrode Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.1.3 Standard Electrode Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.1.4 Conventional Cell Representation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.1.5 Thermodynamics & Electrode Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.1.6 Fuel Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.1.7 Redox Titration Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.2 Transition Metals & Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.2.1 Transition Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.2.2 Transition Metal Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.2.3 Colour in Aqueous ions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.2.4 Ligands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.2.5 Ligand Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.2.6 Octahedral & Tetrahedral Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.2.7 Square Planar Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.2.8 Haemoglobin & Ligand Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.3 Transition Metal Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.3.1 Vanadium Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.3.2 Chromium Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.3.3 Ions in Aqueous Solution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.3.4 Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.3.5 Homogeneous Catalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.3.6 Autocatalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.4 Organic Chemistry: Arenes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.4.1 Benzene - Structure & Stability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.4.2 Benzene Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.4.3 Benzene - Electrophilic Substitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.4.4 Phenol Bromination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.5 Organic Chemistry: Nitrogen Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.5.1 Amines, Amides & Amino Acids - Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.5.2 Primary Aliphatic Amines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.5.3 Aromatic Amines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.5.4 Amides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.5.5 Polymerisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.5.6 Polyamides & Poly(ethenol)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.5.7 Characteristic Behaviour of Amino Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.6 Organic Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.6.1 Deducing Organic Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.6.2 Planning Reaction Schemes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.6.3 Increasing the Carbon Chain Length
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.6.4 Organic Techniques - Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.6.5 Organic Techniques - Purification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.6.6 Organic Techniques - Purity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6. Practical Skills in Chemistry II
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.1 Advanced Physical Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.1.1 Rates of Reaction - Titrimetric Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.1.2 Rates of Reaction - Clock Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.1.3 Activation Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.1.4 Finding Ka Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.1.5 Electrochemical Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.2 Advanced Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.2.1 Redox Titration - Iron(II) & Manganate(VII)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.2.2 Redox Titration -Thiosulfate & Iodine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.2.3 Transition Metal Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.2.4 A-Level Qualitative Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.2.5 Aspirin Preparation


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Author: Richard

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Richard has taught Chemistry for over 15 years as well as working as a science tutor, examiner, content creator and author. He wasn’t the greatest at exams and only discovered how to revise in his final year at university. That knowledge made him want to help students learn how to revise, challenge them to think about what they actually know and hopefully succeed; so here he is, happily, at SME.


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