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Edexcel International A Level Biology

Revision Notes

Home / International A Level / Biology / Edexcel / Revision Notes / 4. Plant Structure & Function, Biodiversity & Conservation / Classification & Biodiversity / 4.16 Biodiversity & Endemism


4.16 Biodiversity & Endemism


Biodiversity & Endemism

  • Biodiversity can be thought of as a study of all the variation that exists within and between all forms of life
  • Biodiversity looks at the range and variety of genes, species and habitats within a particular region
  • It can be assessed at three different levels:
    • The number and range of different ecosystems and habitats
    • The number of species and their relative abundance
    • The genetic variation within each species
  • Biodiversity is very important for the resilience of ecosystems; in that it allows them to resist changes in the environment

Ecosystem or habitat diversity

  • This is the range of different ecosystems or habitats within a particular area or region
  • If there is a large number of different habitats within an area, that area is likely to have high biodiversity
    • A good example of this is a coral reef. They are very complex with lots of microhabitats and niches to be exploited
  • If there are only one or two different habitats within an area,  that area is likely to have low biodiversity
    • Large sandy deserts typically have very low biodiversity as the conditions are basically the same throughout the whole area

Species diversity

  • An ecosystem such as a tropical rainforest that has a very high number of different species would be described as being species-rich
    • Species richness is the number of species within an ecosystem
  • Species diversity includes the number of different species in an ecosystem, and also the abundance across the different species present 
    • The greater the number of species in an ecosystem, and the greater the abundance of individuals from each species, the greater the species diversity
    • For example, an ecosystem can have a large number of different species but some species may be very rare (may only have a few individuals) in that particular ecosystem. As a result, the ecosystem does not necessarily have high species diversity
  • Ecosystems with high species diversity are usually more stable than those with lower species diversity as they are more resilient to environmental changes
    • For example in the Pine forests of Florida, the ecosystem is dominated by one or two tree species. If a pathogen comes along that targets one of the two dominant species of trees, then the whole population could be wiped out and the ecosystem it is a part of could collapse

Genetic diversity

  • The genetic diversity within a species is the diversity of alleles and genes in the genome of species
  • Although individuals of the same species will have the same genes, they will not necessarily have the same alleles for each gene
  • Genetic diversity is measured by working out the proportion of genes that have more than one form (allele) and how many possible alleles each gene has
  • There can be genetic differences or diversity between populations of the same species
    • These differences may arise because the two populations occupy slightly different ranges in their habitat and so are subject to slightly different selection pressures that affect the allele frequencies in their populations
  • Genetic diversity can also be observed within a single population
    • Genetic diversity in a species is important as it can help the population adapt to, and survive, changes in the environment
    • The changes could be in biotic factors such as new predators, pathogens and competition with other species
    • Or the changes could be through abiotic factors like temperature, humidity and rainfall
  • Genetic diversity is limited in populations that are very small or isolated
    • Inbreeding in small, isolated populations leads to a high proportion of individuals being homozygous (e.g. AA to aa) for many genes, resulting in lower genetic diversity
    • This can mean that genetic diseases caused by recessive alleles can become more common in these populations

Endemism

  • Certain species only occur in one particular area of the world - e.g. pygmy three-toed sloths which are only found on a small island off the coast of Panama
  • These species are said to be endemic to that region and they do not naturally occur anywhere else
  • Endemic species are particularly at risk of extinction due to their limited range


  • 1. Molecules, Transport & Health
    • Biological Molecules
      • 1.1 The Importance of Water
        • 1.2 Saccharides
          • 1.3 Core Practical 1: Estimating the Concentration of Sugars & Starch
            • 1.4 Condensation & Hydrolysis
              • 1.5 Triglycerides & Ester Bonds
              • The Circulatory System
                • 1.6 The Need for a Circulatory System
                  • 1.7 Blood Vessels: Structure & Function
                    • 1.8 The Cardiac Cycle
                      • 1.9 The Role of Haemoglobin
                        • 1.10 Atherosclerosis
                          • 1.11 Blood Clotting
                          • Diet & Health
                            • 1.12 Reducing Risk Factors of CVD
                              • 1.13 Dietary Antioxidants & CVD
                                • 1.14 Core Practical 2: Investigate the Vitamin C Content of Food & Drink
                                  • 1.15 Interpreting Data on Risk Factors
                                    • 1.16 Designing Studies into the Effects of Risk Factors
                                      • 1.17 Perception of Risk vs Actual Risk
                                        • 1.18 Data on Cholesterol & Lipoproteins
                                          • 1.19 Data on Effect of Diet
                                            • 1.20 Treatments for CVD: Benefits & Risks
                                          • 2. Membranes, Proteins, DNA & Gene Expression
                                            • Gas Exchange, Cell Membranes & Transport
                                              • 2.1 Properties of Gas Exchange Surfaces
                                                • 2.2 Cell Membranes
                                                  • 2.3 Core Practical 3: Investigating Membrane Structure & Permeability
                                                    • 2.4 Osmosis
                                                      • 2.5 Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion & Active Transport
                                                      • Proteins
                                                        • 2.6 Amino Acids, Proteins & Protein Structure
                                                          • 2.7 Enzymes: Roles & Modes of Action
                                                            • 2.8 Core Practical 4: Investigating the Rate of Enzyme Reactions
                                                              • 2.9 Nucleotides, DNA & RNA, Base Pairing
                                                              • DNA & Gene Expression
                                                                • 2.10 DNA Replication
                                                                  • 2.11 The Nature of the Genetic Code
                                                                    • 2.12 How Bases Code for a Polypeptide Chain
                                                                      • 2.13 Transcription & Translation
                                                                      • Inheritance
                                                                        • 2.14 Mutations
                                                                          • 2.15 Patterns of Inheritance & Sex Linkage
                                                                            • 2.16 Cystic Fibrosis
                                                                              • 2.17 Genetic Screening
                                                                                • 2.18 Ethical & Social Issues of Genetic Screening
                                                                              • 3. Cell Structure, Reproduction & Development
                                                                                • Cell Structure & Organisation
                                                                                  • 3.1 Cell Theory
                                                                                    • 3.2 Levels of Organisation of Cells
                                                                                      • 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
                                                                                        • 3.4 The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum & Golgi
                                                                                          • 3.5 Prokaryotic Cells
                                                                                            • 3.6 Electron Microscopy of Animal Cells
                                                                                              • 3.7 Microscopy: Magnification & Resolution
                                                                                                • 3.8 Core Practical 5: Light Microscopy
                                                                                                • Reproduction & Inheritance
                                                                                                  • 3.9 Gene Locus
                                                                                                    • 3.10 Meiosis & Variation
                                                                                                      • 3.11 Mammalian Gametes
                                                                                                        • 3.12 Fertilisation: Mammals
                                                                                                          • 3.13 Fertilisation: Flowering Plants
                                                                                                            • 3.14 The Cell Cycle & Mitosis
                                                                                                              • 3.15 Core Practical 6: Observing the Stages of Mitosis
                                                                                                                • 3.16 Calculation of Mitotic Index
                                                                                                                  • 3.17 Stem Cells & Cell Potency
                                                                                                                    • 3.18 Cell Specialisation
                                                                                                                      • 3.19 Post-Transcriptional Changes to mRNA
                                                                                                                        • 3.20 Gene Interaction & Epigenetics
                                                                                                                          • 3.21 Polygenic Inheritance & Continuous Variation
                                                                                                                        • 4. Plant Structure & Function, Biodiversity & Conservation
                                                                                                                          • Plant Structure & Function
                                                                                                                            • 4.1 Plant Cell Structure
                                                                                                                              • 4.2 Electron Microscopy of Plant Cells
                                                                                                                                • 4.3 Starch & Cellulose: Structure & Function
                                                                                                                                  • 4.4 Properties of Cellulose
                                                                                                                                    • 4.5 The Vascular Structure of Plants
                                                                                                                                      • 4.6 Core Practical 7: Identifying Tissue Types Within Stems
                                                                                                                                      • Plants & Conservation
                                                                                                                                        • 4.7 Plant-Based Products for Sustainability
                                                                                                                                          • 4.8 Water & Inorganic Ions in Plants
                                                                                                                                            • 4.9 Core Practical 8: Determining the Tensile Strength of Plant Fibres
                                                                                                                                            • Plants & Bacterial Growth
                                                                                                                                              • 4.10 Bacterial Growth Conditions
                                                                                                                                                • 4.11 Plant Products with Antimicrobial Properties
                                                                                                                                                  • 4.12 Core Practical 9: Antimicrobial Properties of Plants
                                                                                                                                                    • 4.13 Development of Drugs & Drug Testing
                                                                                                                                                    • Classification & Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                      • 4.14 The Three Domains of Life
                                                                                                                                                        • 4.15 The Variety of Life
                                                                                                                                                          • 4.16 Biodiversity & Endemism
                                                                                                                                                            • 4.17 Species Richness & Heterozygosity Index
                                                                                                                                                              • 4.18 Index of Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                                • 4.19 Ecological Niches & Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.20 Hardy-Weinberg Equation
                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.21 Roles of Seed Banks & Zoos in Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                  • 5. Energy Flow, Ecosystems & the Environment
                                                                                                                                                                    • Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.1 Photosynthesis: Overview
                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.2 The Role of ATP in Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.3 Photosynthesis: Light-Dependent Stage
                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.4 Photosynthesis: Light-Independent Stage
                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.5 Chloroplasts
                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.6 Absorption & Action Spectra
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.7 Separation of Photosynthetic Pigments with Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.8 Core Practical 10: Rate of Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.9 Ecological Productivity
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.10 Energy & Biomass Transfers
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.11 Ecology: Key Terms
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.12 Factors Affecting Populations
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.13 Niche
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.14 Core Practical 11: Quadrat & Transect Study
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.15 Ecological Succession
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Environmental Biology
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.16 Evidence for Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.17 Anthropogenic Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.18 Carbon Cycle & Environmental Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.19 Models for Predicting Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.20 How Climate Change Affects Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.21 The Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.22 Core Practical 12: Effect of Temperature on Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.23 Mutation, Natural Selection & Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.24 Isolation & Speciation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.25 Contentious Issues in Environmental Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.26 Examples of Sustainable Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6. Microbiology, Immunity & Forensics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Microbiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.1 Culturing Microorganisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.2 Measuring the Growth of Microorganisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.3 The Bacterial Growth Curve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.4 Core Practical 13: Rate of Growth of Microorganisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.5 Comparison of Bacterial & Viral Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.6 Tuberculosis & HIV
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.7 Pathogens: Routes of Entry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.8 Non-Specific Immune Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.9 Specific Immune Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.10 Lymphocytes: Types & Roles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.11 Developing Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.12 Pathogens vs Hosts: An Evolutionary Race
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Antibiotics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.13 Antibiotics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.14 Core Practical 14: The Effects of Different Antibiotics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.15 Current Usage of Antibiotics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Decomposition & Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.16 The Role of Microorganisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Forensics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.17 Polymerase Chain Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.18 Gel Electrophoresis in Forensics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.19 DNA Profiling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.20 Types of Data Provided by Forensic Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7. Respiration, Muscles & the Internal Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.1 Overview of Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.2 Glycolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.3 Link Reaction & Krebs Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.4 The Electron Transport Chain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.5 Anaerobic Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.6 Respiratory Quotient
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.7 Core Practical 15: Investigation of Respiration in Yeast
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.8 Core Practical 16: Respirometer to Calculate RQ
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Muscular Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.9 The Musculoskeletal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.10 The Muscle Fibre
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.11 The Process of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.12 The Role of Muscle in the Cardiac Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.13 Calculation of Cardiac Output
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.14 The Role of Adrenaline
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.15 Core Practical 17: The Effects of Exercise
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • The Internal Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.16 Negative & Positive Feedback
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.17 Homeostasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.18 The Kidney: Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.19 Urea as a Waste Product
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.20 Selective Reabsorption in the Kidney
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.21 Hormones in Osmoregulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.22 Control of Gene Expression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 8. Coordination, Response & Gene Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • The Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.1 Neurones: Types and Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 8.2 How a Response is Generated by Effectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.3 The Reflex Arc
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.4 The Nerve Impulse
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.5 Myelination & Saltatory Conduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.6 Synapses & Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 8.7 The Effects of Drugs on Nervous Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 8.8 Detection of Stimuli
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.9 Habituation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 8.10 Central & Peripheral Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Plant Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.11 Effects of Plant Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.12 Core Practical 18: Amylase in Germinating Cereal Grains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.13 Nervous & Hormonal Coordination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • The Brain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.14 Human Brain Structures & Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 8.15 Techniques to Investigate the Brain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 8.16 Brain Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Gene Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.17 Drug Production from Genetically Modified Organisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 8.18 Recombinant DNA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.19 Transfer of Recombinant DNA into Other Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.20 Identification of Active Genes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.21 Bioinformatics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.22 Risks & Benefits of Using GMOs


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        DOWNLOAD PDF

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Author: Marlene

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Marlene graduated from Stellenbosch University, South Africa, in 2002 with a degree in Biodiversity and Ecology. After completing a PGCE (Postgraduate certificate in education) in 2003 she taught high school Biology for over 10 years at various schools across South Africa before returning to Stellenbosch University in 2014 to obtain an Honours degree in Biological Sciences. With over 16 years of teaching experience, of which the past 3 years were spent teaching IGCSE and A level Biology, Marlene is passionate about Biology and making it more approachable to her students.


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