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OCR Gateway GCSE Chemistry

Revision Notes

Home / GCSE / Chemistry / OCR Gateway / Revision Notes / 7. Practical Skills / 7.1 Practical Skills / 7.1.1 Reactivity Trends


7.1.1 Reactivity Trends


Displacement Reactions

Displacement Reactions

Practical Skills Development

  • Safe use and careful handling of gases, liquids and solids, including:
    • Careful mixing of reagents under controlled conditions,
    • Using appropriate apparatus to explore chemical changes and/or products
  • Presenting observations and other data using appropriate formats

Aim

  • To use displacement reactions to identify the reactivity trend of Group 7 elements

Health & Safety Aspects

  • The reagents used in these experiments are harmful so safety glasses should be worn
  • The fumes are unpleasant so the reactions should be carried out in a well ventilated area or fume cupboard
  • Small volumes should be used to minimise the risk of these hazardous substances
  • Due to the hazards present this experiment is best carried out as a teacher demonstration

Materials

  • spotting or dimple tile
  • 0.1% solutions of Cl2, Br2 and I2
  • 0.1 mol / dm3 solutions of KCl, KBr and KI
  • cyclohexane, C6H12
  • Universal indicator paper

Method

  1. Three drops of the halogens are added to separate wells in the dimple tile and the colours recorded
  2. In a second set of wells, the same three halogen solutions are added separately, followed by three drops of potassium chloride
  3. The procedure is repeated in a third and fourth set of wells using potassium bromide and potassium iodide , respectively
  4. The colours of the resulting solutions are noted
  5. The halogen colours are more easily seen if they are withdrawn in a pipette and added to a test tube containing 1-2 cm depth of cyclohexane and shaken
  6. Finally, a piece of universal indicator is added, in turn, to each of the halogen solutions and the colour recorded
  7. Record all observations in suitable tables

Results

The Colour of the Halogen Solutions

7-1-1-the-colour-of-halogen-solutions

The Reactions of Halogens with Halide Ions

7-1-1-the-reactions-of-halogens-with-halide-ions

The Effect of Halogen Solutions on Indicator Paper

7-1-1-the-effect-of-halogen-solutions-on-indicator-paper

Conclusions

  • Chlorine appears to displace bromine and iodine from solutions of their compounds
  • Bromine displaces iodine from solutions of its compounds
  • A more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive one
  • The order of reactivity from this experiment is chlorine > bromine > iodine
  • Chlorine is a strong bleaching agent, bromine less so and iodine not at all



  • 1. Particles
    • 1.1 The Particle Model
      • 1.1.1 The Particle Model
        • 1.1.2 Limitations of the Particle Model
        • 1.2 Atomic Structure
          • 1.2.1 Atomic Models Through Time
            • 1.2.2 Atomic Structure
              • 1.2.3 Calculating the Particles
            • 2. Elements, compounds & mixtures
              • 2.1 Purity & Separating Mixtures
                • 2.1.1 Pure & Impure
                  • 2.1.2 Relative Masses
                    • 2.1.3 Empirical Formula
                      • 2.1.4 Alloys
                        • 2.1.5 Separation Techniques
                          • 2.1.6 Chromatography
                          • 2.2 Bonding
                            • 2.2.1 Metals & Non-Metals
                              • 2.2.2 Electronic Structure
                                • 2.2.3 Ionic Bonding
                                  • 2.2.4 Covalent Bonding
                                    • 2.2.5 Giant Covalent Structures
                                      • 2.2.6 Polymers
                                        • 2.2.7 Metals
                                          • 2.2.8 Atomic Structure & the Periodic Table
                                          • 2.3 Properties of materials
                                            • 2.3.1 Carbon
                                              • 2.3.2 Changes of State
                                                • 2.3.3 Bulk Properties
                                                  • 2.3.4 Nanoparticles
                                                • 3. Chemical Reactions
                                                  • 3.1 Introducing Chemical Reactions
                                                    • 3.1.1 Chemical Symbols & Formulae
                                                      • 3.1.2 Deducing Formulae Using Common Ions
                                                        • 3.1.3 Balancing Chemical Equations
                                                          • 3.1.4 Writing Balanced Ionic Equations
                                                            • 3.1.6 Conservation of Mass
                                                              • 3.1.7 Using Moles to Balance Equations
                                                                • 3.1.8 Calculating Masses from Balanced Equations
                                                                • 3.2 Energetics
                                                                  • 3.2.1 Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions
                                                                    • 3.2.2 Calculating Energy Changes
                                                                    • 3.3 Types of Chemical Reactions
                                                                      • 3.3.1 Oxidation & Reduction
                                                                        • 3.3.2 OxidatIon & Reduction in Terms of Electrons
                                                                          • 3.3.3 Acids & Alkalis
                                                                            • 3.3.4 Neutralisation
                                                                              • 3.3.4 Strong & Weak Acids
                                                                                • 3.3.5 Effect of Hydrogen Ion Concentration on pH
                                                                                • 3.4 Electrolysis
                                                                                  • 3.4.1 Electrolysis
                                                                                    • 3.4.2 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions
                                                                                      • 3.4.3 Reactions at Electrodes
                                                                                        • 3.4.4 Half Equations
                                                                                      • 4. Predicting & Identifying Reactions & Products
                                                                                        • 4.1 Predicting Chemical Reactions
                                                                                          • 4.1.1 Group 1
                                                                                            • 4.1.2 Group 7
                                                                                              • 4.1.3 Group 0
                                                                                                • 4.1.4 Transition Metals
                                                                                                  • 4.1.5 The Reactivity Series
                                                                                                  • 4.2 Identifying the Products of Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                    • 4.2.1 Testing for Common Gases
                                                                                                      • 4.2.2 Testing for Aqueous Cations
                                                                                                        • 4.2.3 Testing for Aqueous Anions
                                                                                                          • 4.2.4 Flame Tests
                                                                                                            • 4.2.5 Instrumental Analysis
                                                                                                          • 5. Monitoring & Controlling Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                            • 5.1 Monitoring Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                              • 5.1.1 Concentration in g/dm3
                                                                                                                • 5.1.2 Concentration in mol/dm3
                                                                                                                  • 5.1.3 Titrations
                                                                                                                    • 5.1.5 Gas Volume Calculations
                                                                                                                      • 5.1.6 Yields
                                                                                                                        • 5.1.7 Atom Economy
                                                                                                                          • 5.1.8 Choosing a Reaction Pathway
                                                                                                                          • 5.2 Controlling Reactions
                                                                                                                            • 5.2.1 Measuring Rates
                                                                                                                              • 5.2.2 Rate Graphs
                                                                                                                                • 5.2.3 Change Rates
                                                                                                                                  • 5.2.4 Catalysts & Enzymes
                                                                                                                                  • 5.3 Equilibria
                                                                                                                                    • 5.3.1 Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                      • 5.3.2 Le Chatelier's Principle
                                                                                                                                    • 6.1 Global Challenges
                                                                                                                                      • 6.1 Improving Processes & Products
                                                                                                                                        • 6.1.1 Extracting Metals
                                                                                                                                          • 6.1.2 Biological Extraction Methods
                                                                                                                                            • 6.1.3 The Haber Process
                                                                                                                                              • 6.1.4 Making Fertilisers
                                                                                                                                                • 6.1.5 Explaining the Haber Process
                                                                                                                                                  • 6.1.6 The Contact Process
                                                                                                                                                    • 6.1.7 Life Cycle Assessment
                                                                                                                                                      • 6.1.8 Recycling Materials
                                                                                                                                                        • 6.1.9 Properties & Uses of Alloys
                                                                                                                                                          • 6.1.10 Corrosion of Iron
                                                                                                                                                          • 6.2 Organic chemistry
                                                                                                                                                            • 6.2.1 Alkanes
                                                                                                                                                              • 6.2.2 Alkenes
                                                                                                                                                                • 6.2.3 Addition Polymers
                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.2.4 Condensation Polymers
                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.2.5 DNA
                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.2.6 Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.2.7 Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.2.8 Crude Oil & Fractional Distillation
                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.2.9 Cracking
                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.2.10 Cells
                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.3 Interpreting & Interacting with Earth Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.3.1 Origins of the Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.3.2 The Greenhouse Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.3.3 Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.3.4 Atmospheric Pollutants
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.3.5 Potable Water
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7. Practical Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.1 Practical Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.1.1 Reactivity Trends
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.1.2 Electrolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.1.3 Separation Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.1.4 Distillation
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.1.5 Identification of Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.1.6 Titration
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.1.7 Production of Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.1.8 Measuring Rates of Reaction


                                                                                                                                                                                                        DOWNLOAD PDF

                                                                                                                                                                                                      Author: Stewart

                                                                                                                                                                                                      Stewart has been an enthusiastic GCSE, A Level and IB Chemistry teacher for more than 30 years in the UK as well as overseas, and has been an examiner for IB and A Level, also. As a long-standing Head of Department, Stewart brings a wealth of experience to creating Topic Questions and revision materials for Save My Exams.


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