DP IB Physics: SL

Revision Notes

Syllabus Edition

First teaching 2014

Last exams 2024

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1.2.1 Random & Systematic Errors

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Random & Systematic Errors

  • Measurements of quantities are made with the aim of finding the true value of that quantity
    • In reality, it is impossible to obtain the true value of any quantity as there will always be a degree of uncertainty

  • The uncertainty is an estimate of the difference between a measurement reading and the true value
  • The two types of measurement errors that lead to uncertainty are:
    • Random errors
    • Systematic errors

Random Errors

  • Random errors cause unpredictable fluctuations in an instrument’s readings as a result of uncontrollable factors, such as environmental conditions
  • This affects the precision of the measurements taken, causing a wider spread of results about the mean value
  • To reduce random error:
    • Repeat measurements several times and calculate an average from them

Systematic Errors

  • Systematic errors arise from the use of faulty instruments used or from flaws in the experimental method
  • This type of error is repeated consistently every time the instrument is used or the method is followed, which affects the accuracy of all readings obtained
  • To reduce systematic errors:
    • Instruments should be recalibrated, or different instruments should be used
    • Corrections or adjustments should be made to the technique

Systematic Error on Graph, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Systematic errors on graphs are shown by the offset of the line from the origin

Zero Errors

  • This is a type of systematic error which occurs when an instrument gives a reading when the true reading is zero
    • For example, a top-ban balance that starts at 2 g instead of 0 g

  • To account for zero errors
    • Take the difference of the offset from each value
    • For example, if a scale starts at 2 g instead of 0 g, a measurement of 50 g would actually be 50 – 2 = 48 g
    • The offset could be positive or negative

Reading Errors

  • When measuring a quantity using an analogue device such as a ruler, the uncertainty in that measured quantity is ±0.5 the smallest measuring interval
  • When measuring a quantity using a digital device such as a digital scale or stopwatch, the uncertainty in that measured quantity is ±1 the smallest measuring interval
  • To reduce reading errors:
    • Use a more precise device with smaller measuring intervals and therefore less uncertainty

Measurement Uncertainty Example, downloadable IB Physics revision notes

Both rulers measure the same candy cane, yet Ruler B is more precise than Ruler A due to smaller interval size

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Author: Katie M

Katie has always been passionate about the sciences, and completed a degree in Astrophysics at Sheffield University. She decided that she wanted to inspire other young people, so moved to Bristol to complete a PGCE in Secondary Science. She particularly loves creating fun and absorbing materials to help students achieve their exam potential.