DP IB Biology: HL

Revision Notes

Syllabus Edition

First teaching 2014

Last exams 2024

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4.1.9 Skills: Pyramids of Energy

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Pyramids of Energy

  • Pyramids of energy illustrate the amount of energy contained within the biomass of organisms at each trophic level
  • The length of each box, or bar, represents the quantity of energy present
    • Pyramids of energy should be drawn to scale so that each bar is proportional in size to the amount of energy that it represents
    • In some situations, however, a pyramid of energy may be an approximate sketch where each bar is a rough representation of the energy contained

  • These pyramids are always widest at the base and decrease in size as they go up
    • The base is wide due to the large amount of energy contained within the biomass of producers

  • Pyramids of energy show a stepped decrease in the energy contained at each level of the food chain rather than appearing as pyramid with smooth sides
  • The levels of a pyramid of energy should be labelled producer, first consumer, second consumer, and so on
  • The units used should be the amount of energy, per unit area, per year e.g. kJ m-2 year-1
  • As you move up the pyramid to higher trophic levels, the quantity of energy decreases as not all energy is transferred to the biomass of the next trophic level (roughly 10 % of the energy is passed on)
  • Energy is lost at each trophic level due to
    • Incomplete consumption
    • Incomplete digestion
    • Loss of heat energy to the environment during respiration
    • Excretion of the waste products of metabolism e.g. carbon dioxide, water, and urea

  • As a result of this, the biomass at each trophic level will also decrease as energy availability decreases

Pyramids of Energy, downloadable IB Biology revision notes

The energy stored in the biomass of organisms can be represented by a pyramid of energy

Exam Tip

Remember that pyramids of energy should be drawn to scale and the units used should be the amount of energy, per unit area, per year e.g. kJ m-2 year-1

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Naomi H

Author: Naomi H

Naomi graduated from the University of Oxford with a degree in Biological Sciences. She has 8 years of classroom experience teaching Key Stage 3 up to A-Level biology, and is currently a tutor and A-Level examiner. Naomi especially enjoys creating resources that enable students to build a solid understanding of subject content, while also connecting their knowledge with biology’s exciting, real-world applications.