DP IB Biology: HL

Revision Notes

Syllabus Edition

First teaching 2014

Last exams 2024

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3.1.3 Mutation

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Mutation

  • A gene mutation is a change in the sequence of base pairs in a DNA molecule; this may result in a new allele
    • Mutations occur all the time and at random
    • There are certain points in the cell cycle when mutations are more likely to occur, for example, copying errors when DNA is being replicated (S phase of interphase)

  • As the DNA base sequence determines the sequence of amino acids that make up a polypeptide, mutations in a gene can sometimes lead to a change in the polypeptide that the gene codes for
  • Most mutations are harmful or neutral (have no effect) but some can be beneficial
  • Inheritance of mutations:
    • Mutations present in normal body cells are not inherited, they are eliminated from the population once those cells die
    • Mutations within gametes are inherited by offspring, possibly causing genetic disease

Substitution mutations

  • A mutation that occurs when a base in the DNA sequence is randomly swapped for a different base is known as a substitution mutation
  • A substitution mutation will only change the amino acid for the triplet (group of three consecutive bases) where the mutation occurs; it will not have a knock-on effect further along the gene/polypeptide

Substitution mutation, downloadable IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notes

An example of a substitution mutation altering the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide

Exam Tip

You don't need to know about deletions, insertions and frameshift mutations - just substitution mutations!

Sickle Cell Anaemia

  • A small change to a gene can have serious consequences for an organism
  • Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic disease caused by a single base substitution mutation within the gene (Hb) that codes for the alpha-globin polypeptide in haemoglobin
    • Most humans have the normal allele HbA

The mutation that occurs

  • Within the haemoglobin gene, the base thymine (T) is replaced by the base adenine (A). This causes the DNA triplet GAG to mutate to GTG
  • The mutated DNA codon GTG is transcribed into the mRNA codon GUG, instead of GAG
  • During translation the amino acid valine (VAL) replaces the original amino acid glutamic acid (GLU); this occurs on the sixth position of the polypeptide
  • The slightly different polypeptide results in a new allele, HbS

Base Substitution Mutation of Sickle Cell Anaemia, downloadable IB Biology revision notes

A base substitution on the DNA molecule results in a change in the amino acid at position 6 of the haemoglobin polypeptide, altering the overall structure and function of the protein

The effects

  • The protein haemoglobin S is produced instead of haemoglobin A; this causes a distortion in the shape of the red blood cells into sickle shapes
  • Sickle-shaped red blood cells:
    • Have a limited oxygen-carrying capacity
    • Block the capillaries limiting the flow of normal red blood cells

  • People with sickle cell anaemia suffer from acute pain, fatigue and anaemia
  • There is a correlation between sickle cell anaemia and malaria
    • In areas with increased malaria cases, there is an increased frequency of sickle cell alleles

Sickle and Normal red blood cells, downloadable AS & A Level Biology revision notes

Normal red blood cells and sickle cell blood cells. The sickle cells cause a blockage in the capillary, restricting blood flow.

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Phil

Author: Phil

Phil has a BSc in Biochemistry from the University of Birmingham, followed by an MBA from Manchester Business School. He has 15 years of teaching and tutoring experience, teaching Biology in schools before becoming director of a growing tuition agency. He has also examined Biology for one of the leading UK exam boards. Phil has a particular passion for empowering students to overcome their fear of numbers in a scientific context.