CIE AS Maths: Probability & Statistics 1

Revision Notes

2.3.4 Probability Formulae

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Probability Formulae

What is meant by probability formulae?

  • If you have seen any of the other Revision Notes on probability, almost every one contains a formula
    • These however are often disguised in Venn diagrams, tree diagrams etc
    • Sometimes a diagram can be easier to use than a formula
  • This Revision Note rounds up all these formulae and introduces one or two new ones
  • You are not expected to use these formulae and none are given in the formulae booklet but they can help solve problems

What probability formulae are there?

  • Some formulae only apply under certain conditions
  • The formulae for probability you should’ve encountered so far
    • for independent events, straight P left parenthesis A intersection B right parenthesis equals straight P left parenthesis A right parenthesis cross times straight P left parenthesis B right parenthesis      (“AND”, intersection)
    • for mutually exclusive events, Error converting from MathML to accessible text.    (“OR”, union)
    • straight P left parenthesis A apostrophe right parenthesis equals 1 minus straight P left parenthesis A right parenthesis      (“NOT”, complement/prime/dash)
    • P left parenthesis A vertical line B right parenthesis equals fraction numerator P left parenthesis A intersection B right parenthesis over denominator P left parenthesis B right parenthesis end fraction     or    straight P left parenthesis A intersection B right parenthesis equals straight P left parenthesis B right parenthesis cross times straight P left parenthesis A vertical line B right parenthesis       
                 (“GIVEN THAT”)
                 This second version in particular is referred to as the                               MULTIPLICATION FORMULA (see diagram below)
    • For independent events, begin mathsize 16px style straight P left parenthesis A vertical line B right parenthesis space equals straight P left parenthesis A right parenthesis end style

3-2-4-fig1-venn-tree-add-multiply-part-1

~-vnCKhG_3-2-4-fig1-venn-tree-add-multiply-part-2

  • The addition formula can be rearranged in two very similar ways so be careful
    • straight P left parenthesis A union B right parenthesis equals straight P left parenthesis A right parenthesis plus straight P left parenthesis B right parenthesis minus straight P left parenthesis A intersection B right parenthesis  and

 straight P left parenthesis A intersection B right parenthesis equals straight P left parenthesis A right parenthesis plus straight P left parenthesis B right parenthesis minus straight P left parenthesis A union B right parenthesis

    • The special case is when A and B are mutually exclusive; in such cases then 

straight P left parenthesis A intersection B right parenthesis equals 0 and so Error converting from MathML to accessible text.

How do I solve problems using probability formulae?

  • This is a combination of
    • Recognising the set notation used
    • Taking note of any independent or mutually exclusive events
    • Using an appropriate diagram (Venn, mini-Venn, tree, two-way table)
    • Converting worded questions into AND, OR, GIVEN THAT etc statements
    • Knowing when a formula could be used 
  • In the majority of cases a diagram can be used – so if you do not like using the formulae or find them confusing
    • For events that happen in succession, use a tree diagram; Venn diagrams suit most other purposes but two-way tables can be easier to follow

Worked example

In the fictional World Stare Out Championships players compete by staring at each other with the player blinking first losing.  A match cannot be drawn.

During each day of the championships three matches are scheduled to take place but if the first two matches both take more than an hour each, then the third match cannot take place that day.

A statistician notices from past fictional championship records that the probability of the first match taking longer than an hour is 0.15 and that the probability of only two matches taking place on any day is 0.06.  They also notice that the probability that at least one of the first two matches takes longer than an hour is 0.32.

Find the probability that

(i)
the second match of a day takes longer than an hour to complete
(ii)
the first match takes longer than an hour given that the second match takes longer than an hour

wov7lfVN_3-2-4-fig2-we-solution-part-1

3-2-4-fig2-we-solution-part-2

Exam Tip

  • If in any doubt always start with a diagram
    • a Venn diagram can be used for most problems
    • a two-way table can be easier to read if it’s possible to construct one
    • a tree diagram is useful if you are looking at an event that follows another
  • Remember that all probability formulae are given in the formulae booklet but not necessarily in the most user-friendly way; a quick look could just be enough to jog your memory though!

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Paul

Author: Paul

Paul has taught mathematics for 20 years and has been an examiner for Edexcel for over a decade. GCSE, A level, pure, mechanics, statistics, discrete – if it’s in a Maths exam, Paul will know about it. Paul is a passionate fan of clear and colourful notes with fascinating diagrams – one of the many reasons he is excited to be a member of the SME team.