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Edexcel A Level Physics

Revision Notes

Home / A Level / Physics / Edexcel / Revision Notes / 5. Waves & Particle Nature of Light / Interference & Stationary Waves / 5.7 Interference & Superposition of Waves


5.7 Interference & Superposition of Waves


Interference & Superposition of Waves

  • Interference occurs whenever two or more waves combine to produce a resultant wave with a new amplitude
  • Superposition literally means to be positioned over something
    • When waves interfere and combine, they do so according to the principle of superposition

  • If two wavefronts are travelling towards each other they will combine by superposition and then pass through 
  • The wavefronts will emerge unchanged on the other side

5-7-interference-_-superposition-graphs_edexcel-al-physics-rn

  • Interference due to superposition can be constructive or destructive
    • Constructive interference happens when the resultant wave has a larger amplitude than any of the individual waves
    • Destructive interference happens when the resultant wave has a smaller amplitude than the individual waves

Coherence

  • Interference is only observable if produced by a coherent source
  • Waves are said to be coherent if they have:
    • A constant phase difference
    • The same frequency

Coherent v non coherent, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Coherent waves (on the left) and non-coherent waves (on the right). The abrupt change in phase creates an inconsistent phase difference

  • For example, in light, a coherent beam of light contains light waves that are monochromatic and have a constant phase difference
    • Monochromatic light consists of light waves of a single frequency
    • Laser light is an example of a coherent light source
    • Filament lamps produce incoherent light waves

Exam Tip

It can sometimes be tricky to identify whether constructive or destructive interference is taking place. If two waves meet at the same point on each wave e.g. two crests then the interference will be constructive, if not it will be destructive.



  • 1. Working as a Physicist
    • Working as a Physicist
      • 1.1 SI Units
        • 1.2 Practical Skills
          • 1.3 Estimating Physical Quantities
            • 1.4 Limitations of Measurements
              • 1.5 Scientific Communication
                • 1.6 Applications of Science
                  • 1.7 The Scientific Community
                    • 1.8 Science & Society
                  • 2. Mechanics
                    • Motion
                      • 2.1 Equations of Motion
                        • 2.2 Motion Graphs
                          • 2.3 Properties of Motion Graphs
                            • 2.4 Scalars & Vectors
                              • 2.5 Resolving Vectors
                                • 2.6 Finding the Resultant Vector
                                  • 2.7 Projectiles
                                    • 2.8 Forces as Vectors
                                    • Forces & Momentum
                                      • 2.9 Force & Acceleration
                                        • 2.10 Mass, Weight & Gravitational Field Strength
                                          • 2.11 Core Practical 1: Investigating the Acceleration of Freefall
                                            • 2.12 Newton's Third Law of Motion
                                              • 2.13 Momentum
                                                • 2.14 Conservation of Linear Momentum
                                                • Moments
                                                  • 2.15 Moments
                                                    • 2.16 Centre of Gravity & The Principle of Moments
                                                    • Work, Energy & Power
                                                      • 2.17 Work
                                                        • 2.18 Kinetic Energy
                                                          • 2.19 Gravitational Potential Energy
                                                            • 2.20 The Principle of Conservation of Energy
                                                              • 2.21 Power
                                                                • 2.22 Efficiency
                                                              • 3. Electric Circuits
                                                                • Current, Potential Difference, Resistance & Power
                                                                  • 3.1 Electric Current
                                                                    • 3.2 Potential Difference
                                                                      • 3.3 Ohm's Law
                                                                        • 3.4 Charge Conservation in Circuits
                                                                          • 3.5 Energy Conservation in Circuits
                                                                            • 3.6 Resistance in Series & Parallel
                                                                              • 3.7 Electrical Power
                                                                                • 3.8 Current-Potential Difference Graphs
                                                                                • Resistance, Resistivity & Potential Dividers
                                                                                  • 3.9 Electrical Resistivity
                                                                                    • 3.10 Core Practical 2: Investigating Resistivity
                                                                                      • 3.11 Current & Drift Velocity
                                                                                        • 3.12 Potential Difference & Conductor Length
                                                                                          • 3.13 Potential Dividers
                                                                                            • 3.14 Potential Dividers & Variable Resistance
                                                                                            • E.M.F & Modelling Resistance
                                                                                              • 3.15 Electromotive Force
                                                                                                • 3.16 Internal Resistance
                                                                                                  • 3.17 E.M.F. vs. Terminal Potential Difference
                                                                                                    • 3.18 Core Practical 3: Investigating E.M.F. & Internal Resistance
                                                                                                      • 3.19 Resistance & Temperature
                                                                                                        • 3.20 Resistance & Illumination
                                                                                                      • 4. Materials
                                                                                                        • Density, Upthrust & Viscous Drag
                                                                                                          • 4.1 Density
                                                                                                            • 4.2 Upthrust
                                                                                                              • 4.3 Viscous Drag
                                                                                                                • 4.4 Core Practical 4: Investigating Viscosity
                                                                                                                • Stretching Materials
                                                                                                                  • 4.5 Hooke's Law
                                                                                                                    • 4.6 Stress, Strain & The Young Modulus
                                                                                                                      • 4.7 Force-Extension Graphs
                                                                                                                        • 4.8 Stress-Strain Graphs
                                                                                                                          • 4.9 Core Practical 5: Investigating Young Modulus
                                                                                                                            • 4.10 Elastic Strain Energy
                                                                                                                          • 5. Waves & Particle Nature of Light
                                                                                                                            • Transverse & Longitudinal Waves
                                                                                                                              • 5.1 Properties of Waves
                                                                                                                                • 5.2 The Wave Equation
                                                                                                                                  • 5.3 Longitudinal Waves
                                                                                                                                    • 5.4 Transverse Waves
                                                                                                                                      • 5.5 Representing Waves on Graphs
                                                                                                                                        • 5.6 Core Practical 6: Investigating the Speed of Sound
                                                                                                                                        • Interference & Stationary Waves
                                                                                                                                          • 5.7 Interference & Superposition of Waves
                                                                                                                                            • 5.8 Phase & Path Difference
                                                                                                                                              • 5.9 Stationary Waves
                                                                                                                                                • 5.10 Wave Speed on a Stretched String
                                                                                                                                                  • 5.11 Core Practical 7: Investigating Stationary Waves
                                                                                                                                                  • Refraction, Reflection & Polarisation
                                                                                                                                                    • 5.12 Equation for the Intensity of Radiation
                                                                                                                                                      • 5.13 Refraction & Refractive Index
                                                                                                                                                        • 5.14 Critical Angle
                                                                                                                                                          • 5.15 Total Internal Reflection
                                                                                                                                                            • 5.16 Measuring Refractive Index
                                                                                                                                                              • 5.17 Converging & Diverging Lenses
                                                                                                                                                                • 5.18 Using Ray Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.19 Power of a Lens
                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.20 Thin Lenses in Combination
                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.21 Real & Virtual Images
                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.22 The Lens Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.23 Magnification
                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.24 Plane Polarisation
                                                                                                                                                                            • Waves, Electrons & Photons
                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.25 Diffraction
                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.26 The Diffraction Grating Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.27 Core Practical 8: Investigating Diffraction Gratings
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.28 The Wave Nature of Electrons
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.29 The de Broglie Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.30 Transmission & Reflection of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.31 Pulse-Echo Technique
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.32 Wave-Particle Duality
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.33 Energy of a Photon
                                                                                                                                                                                              • The Photoelectric Effect & Atomic Spectra
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.34 The Photoelectric Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.35 The Photoelectric Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.36 The Electronvolt
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.37 The Particle Nature of EM Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.38 Atomic Line Spectra
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6. Further Mechanics
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Momentum & Impulse
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.1 Impulse
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.2 Core Practical 9: Investigating Impulse
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.3 Applying Conservation of Linear Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.4 Core Practical 10: Investigating Collisions using ICT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.5 Elastic & Inelastic Collisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.6 Energy-Momentum Relation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Circular Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.7 Radians & Angular Displacement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.8 Angular Velocity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.9 Centripetal Acceleration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.10 Maintaining Circular Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.11 Centripetal Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7. Electric & Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Electric Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.1 Defining an Electric Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.2 Electric Field Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.3 Electric Force between Two Charges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.4 Electric Field due to a Point Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.5 Electric Field & Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.6 Electric Field between Parallel Plates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.7 Electric Potential for a Radial Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.8 Representing Radial & Uniform Electric Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capacitance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.9 Capacitance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.10 Energy Stored by a Capacitor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.11 Charge & Discharge Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.12 Core Practical 11: Investigating Capacitor Charge & Discharge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.13 Exponential Discharge in a Capacitor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.14 Magnetic Flux Density, Flux & Flux Linkage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.15 Magnetic Force on a Charged Particle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.16 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Electromagnetic Induction & Alternating Currents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.17 Induced E.M.F in a Moving Coil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.18 Induced E.M.F between Linked Coils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.19 Lenz's Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.20 Faraday's Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.21 Alternating Currents & Potential Differences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.22 Root-Mean-Square Current & Potential Difference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8. Nuclear & Particle Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Exploring the Structure of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 8.1 Nucleon & Proton Number
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.2 The Nuclear Model of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 8.3 Thermionic Emission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.4 Particle Accelerators & Detectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.5 Radius of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.6 Interpreting Particle Tracks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.7 High Energy Particle Collisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 8.8 Annihilation of Matter & Antimatter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 8.9 Unit Conversions for Energy & Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.10 Relativistic Situations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Particle Interactions & Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 8.11 The Standard Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.12 Antimatter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.13 Conservation Laws in Particle Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.14 Particle Interaction Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 9. Thermodynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Thermal Energy Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 9.1 Specific Heat Capacity & Latent Heat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 9.2 Core Practical 12: Calibrating a Thermistor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 9.3 Core Practical 13: Investigating Specific Latent Heat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Kinetic Theory & Ideal Gases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 9.4 Internal Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 9.5 Temperature & Absolute Zero
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 9.6 Kinetic Theory of Gases Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 9.7 Ideal Gas Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 9.8 Core Practical 14: Investigating Gas Pressure & Volume
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 9.9 Average Molecular Kinetic Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Black Body Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 9.10 Black Body Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 9.11 Stefan-Boltzmann Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 9.12 Wien’s Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 10. Space
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 10.1 Inverse Square Law of Flux
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 10.2 Parallax
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 10.3 Standard Candles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 10.4 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 10.5 The Life Cycle of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 10.6 Doppler Shift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 10.7 Equations for Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 10.8 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 11. Nuclear Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Nuclear Fusion & Fission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 11.1 Nuclear Binding Energy & Mass Deficit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 11.2 Atomic Mass Unit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 11.3 Binding Energy per Nucleon Graph
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 11.4 Nuclear Fusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Radioactivity Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 11.5 Background Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 11.6 Alpha, Beta & Gamma Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 11.7 Nuclear Decay Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 11.8 Core Practical 15: Investigating Gamma Radiation Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 11.9 The Random Nature of Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 11.10 Equations for Nuclear Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 12. Gravitational Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Gravitational Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 12.1 Gravitational Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 12.2 Gravitational Field Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 12.3 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 12.4 Gravitational Field due to a Point Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 12.5 Gravitational Potential for a Radial Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 12.6 Comparing Electric & Gravitational Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 12.7 Orbital Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 13. Oscillations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Simple Harmonic Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 13.1 Conditions for Simple Harmonic Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 13.2 Equations for Simple Harmonic Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 13.3 Period of Simple Harmonic Oscillators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 13.4 Displacement-Time Graph for an Oscillator
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 13.5 Velocity-Time Graph for an Oscillator
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 13.6 Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 13.7 Core Practical 16: Investigating Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 13.8 Damped & Undamped Oscillating Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 13.9 Free & Forced Oscillations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 13.10 Resonance Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 13.11 Damping & Plastic Deformation


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Author: Lindsay

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Lindsay graduated with First Class Honours from the University of Greenwich and earned her Science Communication MSc at Imperial College London. Now with many years’ experience as a Head of Physics and Examiner for A Level and IGCSE Physics (and Biology!), her love of communicating, educating and Physics has brought her to Save My Exams where she hopes to help as many students as possible on their next steps.


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