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Edexcel A Level Physics

Revision Notes

Home / A Level / Physics / Edexcel / Revision Notes / 2. Mechanics / Moments / 2.15 Moments


2.15 Moments


Calculating the Moment of a Force

  • A moment is the turning effect of a force
  • Moments occur when forces cause objects to rotate about some pivot
  • The moment of a force is given by

               Moment (N m) = Force (N) × perpendicular distance from the pivot (m)

  • The SI unit for the moment is Newton metres (N m). This may also be Newton centimetres (N cm) depending on the units given for the distance

Perpendicular-distance, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

The force might not always be perpendicular to the distance

  • An example of moments in everyday life is opening a door
  • The door handle is placed on the other side of the door to the hinge (the pivot) to maximise the distance for a given force and therefore provides a greater moment (turning force)
    • This makes it easier to push or pull

Worked Example

A uniform metre rule is pivoted at the 50 cm mark.

A 0.5 kg weight is suspended at the 80 cm mark, causing the rule to rotate about the pivot.

Assuming the weight of the rule is negligible, what is the turning moment about the pivot?

WE - Mass on ruler question image, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

WE - Mass on ruler answer image, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Exam Tip

If not already given, drawing all the forces on an object in the diagram will help you see which ones are perpendicular to the distance from the pivot. Not all the forces will provide a turning effect and it is not unusual for a question to provide more forces than required to throw you off!



  • 1. Working as a Physicist
    • Working as a Physicist
      • 1.1 SI Units
        • 1.2 Practical Skills
          • 1.3 Estimating Physical Quantities
            • 1.4 Limitations of Measurements
              • 1.5 Scientific Communication
                • 1.6 Applications of Science
                  • 1.7 The Scientific Community
                    • 1.8 Science & Society
                  • 2. Mechanics
                    • Motion
                      • 2.1 Equations of Motion
                        • 2.2 Motion Graphs
                          • 2.3 Properties of Motion Graphs
                            • 2.4 Scalars & Vectors
                              • 2.5 Resolving Vectors
                                • 2.6 Finding the Resultant Vector
                                  • 2.7 Projectiles
                                    • 2.8 Forces as Vectors
                                    • Forces & Momentum
                                      • 2.9 Force & Acceleration
                                        • 2.10 Mass, Weight & Gravitational Field Strength
                                          • 2.11 Core Practical 1: Investigating the Acceleration of Freefall
                                            • 2.12 Newton's Third Law of Motion
                                              • 2.13 Momentum
                                                • 2.14 Conservation of Linear Momentum
                                                • Moments
                                                  • 2.15 Moments
                                                    • 2.16 Centre of Gravity & The Principle of Moments
                                                    • Work, Energy & Power
                                                      • 2.17 Work
                                                        • 2.18 Kinetic Energy
                                                          • 2.19 Gravitational Potential Energy
                                                            • 2.20 The Principle of Conservation of Energy
                                                              • 2.21 Power
                                                                • 2.22 Efficiency
                                                              • 3. Electric Circuits
                                                                • Current, Potential Difference, Resistance & Power
                                                                  • 3.1 Electric Current
                                                                    • 3.2 Potential Difference
                                                                      • 3.3 Ohm's Law
                                                                        • 3.4 Charge Conservation in Circuits
                                                                          • 3.5 Energy Conservation in Circuits
                                                                            • 3.6 Resistance in Series & Parallel
                                                                              • 3.7 Electrical Power
                                                                                • 3.8 Current-Potential Difference Graphs
                                                                                • Resistance, Resistivity & Potential Dividers
                                                                                  • 3.9 Electrical Resistivity
                                                                                    • 3.10 Core Practical 2: Investigating Resistivity
                                                                                      • 3.11 Current & Drift Velocity
                                                                                        • 3.12 Potential Difference & Conductor Length
                                                                                          • 3.13 Potential Dividers
                                                                                            • 3.14 Potential Dividers & Variable Resistance
                                                                                            • E.M.F & Modelling Resistance
                                                                                              • 3.15 Electromotive Force
                                                                                                • 3.16 Internal Resistance
                                                                                                  • 3.17 E.M.F. vs. Terminal Potential Difference
                                                                                                    • 3.18 Core Practical 3: Investigating E.M.F. & Internal Resistance
                                                                                                      • 3.19 Resistance & Temperature
                                                                                                        • 3.20 Resistance & Illumination
                                                                                                      • 4. Materials
                                                                                                        • Density, Upthrust & Viscous Drag
                                                                                                          • 4.1 Density
                                                                                                            • 4.2 Upthrust
                                                                                                              • 4.3 Viscous Drag
                                                                                                                • 4.4 Core Practical 4: Investigating Viscosity
                                                                                                                • Stretching Materials
                                                                                                                  • 4.5 Hooke's Law
                                                                                                                    • 4.6 Stress, Strain & The Young Modulus
                                                                                                                      • 4.7 Force-Extension Graphs
                                                                                                                        • 4.8 Stress-Strain Graphs
                                                                                                                          • 4.9 Core Practical 5: Investigating Young Modulus
                                                                                                                            • 4.10 Elastic Strain Energy
                                                                                                                          • 5. Waves & Particle Nature of Light
                                                                                                                            • Transverse & Longitudinal Waves
                                                                                                                              • 5.1 Properties of Waves
                                                                                                                                • 5.2 The Wave Equation
                                                                                                                                  • 5.3 Longitudinal Waves
                                                                                                                                    • 5.4 Transverse Waves
                                                                                                                                      • 5.5 Representing Waves on Graphs
                                                                                                                                        • 5.6 Core Practical 6: Investigating the Speed of Sound
                                                                                                                                        • Interference & Stationary Waves
                                                                                                                                          • 5.7 Interference & Superposition of Waves
                                                                                                                                            • 5.8 Phase & Path Difference
                                                                                                                                              • 5.9 Stationary Waves
                                                                                                                                                • 5.10 Wave Speed on a Stretched String
                                                                                                                                                  • 5.11 Core Practical 7: Investigating Stationary Waves
                                                                                                                                                  • Refraction, Reflection & Polarisation
                                                                                                                                                    • 5.12 Equation for the Intensity of Radiation
                                                                                                                                                      • 5.13 Refraction & Refractive Index
                                                                                                                                                        • 5.14 Critical Angle
                                                                                                                                                          • 5.15 Total Internal Reflection
                                                                                                                                                            • 5.16 Measuring Refractive Index
                                                                                                                                                              • 5.17 Converging & Diverging Lenses
                                                                                                                                                                • 5.18 Using Ray Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.22 The Lens Equation
                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.23 Magnification
                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.24 Plane Polarisation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Waves, Electrons & Photons
                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.26 The Diffraction Grating Equation
                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.28 The Wave Nature of Electrons
                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.29 The de Broglie Equation
                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.30 Transmission & Reflection of Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.31 Pulse-Echo Technique
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.32 Wave-Particle Duality
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.33 Energy of a Photon
                                                                                                                                                                                    • The Photoelectric Effect & Atomic Spectra
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.34 The Photoelectric Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.35 The Photoelectric Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.36 The Electronvolt
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.37 The Particle Nature of EM Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.38 Atomic Line Spectra
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6. Further Mechanics
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Momentum & Impulse
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.1 Impulse
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.2 Core Practical 9: Investigating Impulse
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.3 Applying Conservation of Linear Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.4 Core Practical 10: Investigating Collisions using ICT
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.5 Elastic & Inelastic Collisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.6 Energy-Momentum Relation
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Circular Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.7 Radians & Angular Displacement
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.8 Angular Velocity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.10 Maintaining Circular Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.11 Centripetal Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7. Electric & Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Electric Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.1 Defining an Electric Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.2 Electric Field Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.3 Electric Force between Two Charges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.4 Electric Field due to a Point Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.5 Electric Field & Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.6 Electric Field between Parallel Plates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.7 Electric Potential for a Radial Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.8 Representing Radial & Uniform Electric Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capacitance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.9 Capacitance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.10 Energy Stored by a Capacitor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.11 Charge & Discharge Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.12 Core Practical 11: Investigating Capacitor Charge & Discharge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.13 Exponential Discharge in a Capacitor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Magnetic Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.14 Magnetic Flux Density, Flux & Flux Linkage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.15 Magnetic Force on a Charged Particle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.16 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Electromagnetic Induction & Alternating Currents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.17 Induced E.M.F in a Moving Coil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.18 Induced E.M.F between Linked Coils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.19 Lenz's Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.20 Faraday's Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.21 Alternating Currents & Potential Differences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.22 Root-Mean-Square Current & Potential Difference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 8. Nuclear & Particle Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Exploring the Structure of Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 8.1 Nucleon & Proton Number
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.2 The Nuclear Model of the Atom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.3 Thermionic Emission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.4 Particle Accelerators & Detectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.5 Radius of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 8.6 Interpreting Particle Tracks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 8.7 High Energy Particle Collisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.8 Annihilation of Matter & Antimatter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 8.9 Unit Conversions for Energy & Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.10 Relativistic Situations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Particle Interactions & Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.11 The Standard Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.12 Antimatter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.13 Conservation Laws in Particle Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 8.14 Particle Interaction Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 9. Thermodynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Thermal Energy Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 9.1 Specific Heat Capacity & Latent Heat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 9.2 Core Practical 12: Calibrating a Thermistor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 9.3 Core Practical 13: Investigating Specific Latent Heat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Kinetic Theory & Ideal Gases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 9.4 Internal Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 9.5 Temperature & Absolute Zero
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 9.6 Kinetic Theory of Gases Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 9.7 Ideal Gas Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 9.8 Core Practical 14: Investigating Gas Pressure & Volume
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 9.9 Average Molecular Kinetic Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Black Body Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 9.10 Black Body Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 9.11 Stefan-Boltzmann Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 9.12 Wien’s Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 10. Space
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Astronomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 10.1 Inverse Square Law of Flux
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 10.2 Parallax
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 10.3 Standard Candles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 10.4 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 10.5 The Life Cycle of Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 10.6 Doppler Shift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 10.7 Equations for Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 10.8 Cosmology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 11. Nuclear Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Nuclear Fusion & Fission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 11.1 Nuclear Binding Energy & Mass Deficit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 11.2 Atomic Mass Unit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 11.3 Binding Energy per Nucleon Graph
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 11.4 Nuclear Fusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Radioactivity Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 11.6 Alpha, Beta & Gamma Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 11.7 Nuclear Decay Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 11.8 Core Practical 15: Investigating Gamma Radiation Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 11.9 The Random Nature of Nuclear Decay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 11.10 Equations for Nuclear Physics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 12. Gravitational Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Gravitational Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 12.1 Gravitational Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 12.2 Gravitational Field Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 12.3 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 12.4 Gravitational Field due to a Point Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 12.5 Gravitational Potential for a Radial Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 12.6 Comparing Electric & Gravitational Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 12.7 Orbital Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 13. Oscillations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Simple Harmonic Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 13.1 Conditions for Simple Harmonic Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 13.2 Equations for Simple Harmonic Motion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 13.3 Period of Simple Harmonic Oscillators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 13.4 Displacement-Time Graph for an Oscillator
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 13.5 Velocity-Time Graph for an Oscillator
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 13.6 Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 13.7 Core Practical 16: Investigating Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 13.8 Damped & Undamped Oscillating Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 13.9 Free & Forced Oscillations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 13.10 Resonance Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 13.11 Damping & Plastic Deformation


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        DOWNLOAD PDF

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Author: lindsay@savemyexams.co.uk



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