1.1.4 Coding

Sometimes data needs to be coded for further use with calculations. This is particularly useful with data that deals with very small or very large numbers, or with data that needs to be classified for research purposes.

What is coding?

• Coding is a way of simplifying data to make it easier to work with
• The coding must be carried out on all values within the data set and will normally be done using a given formula
• Coding can be carried out in a number of ways:
  • Adding or subtracting a constant to each data value
  • Multiplying or dividing each data value by a constant
  • A combination of both of the above
• You may occasionally see coding called an assumed mean
  • This refers to the value chosen to subtract from the original data
  • It is usually chosen as an easy value, similar to an estimate of the true mean

How are statistical calculations carried out with coded data?

• If you know the mean or standard deviation of the original data it is possible to find the mean or standard deviation of the coded data and vice versa
• It is important to remember what the mean and standard deviation actually tell us about the data to understand how coding calculations work
  • The mean is a measure of location, changing the data set in any way will cause the mean to change in the same way
  • The standard deviation is a measure of spread, adding or subtracting a constant to every value within the data set will not change the standard deviation of the data set
    • Multiplying or dividing every value within the data set by a constant will change the standard deviation by the modulus of the constant
    • If the data were coded by multiplying or dividing by a negative, the standard deviation will change by the equivalent positive value
• Anytime calculations are carried out on data that has been coded,
  • The original mean can be found by solving the equation to reverse the coding
  • For example, if the data, , was coded using the formula

Then the mean of the coded data, would be   

The original mean,  , will be 

• • The original standard deviation
    • Will be the same as the coded standard deviation if the data was coded by adding or subtracting a constant only
    • Can be found by reversing the coding if the data was coded by multiplying or dividing by a constant only
    • If the data was coded by a combination of both then only the multiplying or dividing will need to be reversed to find the original standard deviation
  • For example, if the data, , was coded using the formula

Then the standard deviation of the coded data, would be

The original standard deviation, , will be

What will summary statistics and formulae look like with an assumed mean?

• If an assumed mean, a, has been subtracted from all data values, x, then the summary statistics for the coded data will be
  • The sum of the coded data 
  • The sum of the squares of the coded data 
    • Be careful not to mix this up with the square of the sum of the coded data 
      
  • If an assumed mean, a, has been subtracted from all data values, x, then the formulae for the mean and standard deviation for the coded data will be

• Most questions will give you either the summary statistics or the mean of the coded data and expect you to work with these formulae to find original information about the data