AQA A Level Maths: Mechanics

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3.2.5 F = ma - Vector Notation

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F = ma - Vector Notation

How is Newton’s Second Law (N2L) used with vectors?

  • The resultant force (F) and acceleration (a) are vectors
    • For forces and motion in two dimensions, F N and a m s-2 will be made up of two components – a horizontal (x-) component and a vertical (y -) component
  • Displacement , velocity and weight are also vector quantities
  • Time and mass are scalar quantities
  • Vectors appear in bold (non-italic) font in textbooks, on exam papers, etc (i.e. F, a) but in handwriting should be underlined (i.e. F , a )

What notation is used for forces as vectors?

  • All vectors are written either as column vectors or in i-j format
  • As a column vector straight F space equals space m a would look like
                                                         open parentheses table row cell F subscript x end cell row cell F subscript y end cell end table close parentheses space equals space m open parentheses table row cell a subscript x end cell row cell a subscript y end cell end table close parentheses

  • In i-j notation straight F space equals space m a  would look like
                                                F subscript x bold i space plus space F subscript y bold j space equals space m left parenthesis a subscript x bold i space plus space a subscript y bold j right parenthesis

When do I use F = ma (N2L) in vector/2D form?

  • If vectors/2D are being used this will be clear from the information given in the question – any vector quantities will be given as a column vector or written in i-j notation
  • Remember F space equals space m a is used when motion is involved – equations may come from ‘suvat(if the acceleration is constant), or using N2L directly; look for (resultant) force, mass and acceleration being involved
  • Use F space equals space m a (N2L in 1D) or an appropriate ‘s u v a t’ (in 1D) equation to set up and solve separate equations for both the horizontal (x-) and vertical (y-) components.

How is Newton’s Second Law (N2L) used with problems involving weight?

  • Weight is a force, so it is a vector quantity
    • straight W space equals space mg space straight N where straight g space straight m space straight s to the power of negative 2 end exponent is the acceleration due to gravity
  • Weight always acts vertically downwards so it only acts in the j-direction

                                                 straight W space equals space minus mg bold j space straight N               

  • Treating the two dimensions separately means weight only needs to be considered when looking at the vertical ( y-) direction
  • Most 2D/vector problems are based on a bird’s-eye view – the two dimensions being left/right and forwards/backwards, so the up/down (third) dimension where weight would apply, is often not involved

3-2-5-fig1-snooker-ball

How do we apply Newton’s Second Law (F = ma) in problems involving vectors?

  • Step 1. If necessary, draw a diagram and label all forces acting on the particle(s)
    • label the i and j directions and any other useful information.
    • If a diagram is given, add any missing information to it.
  • Step 2. Taking each dimension/component at a time use F = ma
    • If there is more than one particle involved you may have to do this for each
  • Step 3. Solve the equations for each component and put the final answers back into vector notation
    • In some harder problems simultaneous equations may arise

 

Worked example

3.2.5_WE_F-ma-Vector Notation_1

3-2-5-fig2-we-solution

Exam Tip

  • If not given in the question, draw a diagram; label all forces and the positive direction for both components.
  • Add to a diagram if given one, do not assume it is complete.
  • Write a list of the quantities that are given in a question and another list of those you are asked to find.  This will help you decide which equation(s) to use.
  • A third list of the quantities you are not concerned with can help as these may be used to find intermediate results.
  • Unless told otherwise, use g = 9.8 m s-2  and round your final answer to two significant figures.
  • Some questions may direct you to use g = 10 m s-2  in which case round your final answer to one significant figure.

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Author: Paul

Paul has taught mathematics for 20 years and has been an examiner for Edexcel for over a decade. GCSE, A level, pure, mechanics, statistics, discrete – if it’s in a Maths exam, Paul will know about it. Paul is a passionate fan of clear and colourful notes with fascinating diagrams – one of the many reasons he is excited to be a member of the SME team.