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Edexcel A Level Chemistry

Revision Notes

Home / A Level / Chemistry / Edexcel / Revision Notes / 4. Core Chemistry Practicals / 4.1 Physical Chemistry Core Practicals / 4.1.1 Molar Volume of a Gas


4.1.1 Molar Volume of a Gas


Core Practical 1: Measuring the Molar Volume of a Gas

Measuring gas volumes

  • The volume of gas produced in a reaction can be measured by collecting the gas with a gas syringe or by the displacement of water

gas-syringe

Gas syringe equipment for collecting the gas produced in a reaction

downward-displacement-gas-collection-blank

Displacement of water equipment for collecting the gas produced in a reaction

Sample method

  • For the reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate

Na2CO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

  1. Measure out a fixed volume of hydrochloric acid, e.g. 25.0 cm3, into a conical flask
  2. Add a known mass of sodium carbonate, e.g. 0.05 g, to the conical flask
  3. Immediately connect the gas syringe delivery tube
  4. Allow the reaction to go to completion
  5. Record the volume of carbon dioxide produced
  6. Repeat the experiment with different masses of sodium carbonate, e.g. 0.10 g, 0.15 g, 0.20 g, 0.25 g... 0.50 g
  7. Some assumptions are made about the experiment:
    • The amount of gas lost between adding the sodium carbonate and connecting the delivery tube is negligible
    • The delivery tube set up is airtight so no gas is lost
    • The reaction does go to completion

Sample results

Mass volume results table

mass-volume-results-table

  • The results are then plotted on to a graph
    • Mass of sodium carbonate on the x-axis and volume or carbon dioxide produced on the y-axis
  • Anomalous results are ignored and one straight line (or one smooth curve) of best fit is added

mass-volume-graph

Analysis

  • Read off the volume of gas produced for a sensible mass of sodium carbonate, e.g. 0.35 g produces 79.0 cm3 
    • The mass of sodium carbonate may be specified in an exam question

Na2CO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

  • From the reaction equation, one mole of sodium carbonate produces one mole of carbon dioxide
  • Calculate the molar mass of sodium carbonate 
    • (2 x 23.0) + 12.0 + (3 x 16.0) = 106.0
  • Calculate the number of moles of sodium carbonate, using the mass from your graph reading
    • Moles equals fraction numerator mass over denominator molar space mass end fraction equals fraction numerator 0.35 over denominator 106.0 end fraction equals0.0033 moles
  • Convert the volume of carbon dioxide from your graph reading from cm3 to dm3 
    • fraction numerator 79.0 space cm cubed over denominator 1000 end fraction= 0.079 dm3
  • Calculate the molar volume of gas produced:
    • Molar gas volume equals fraction numerator volume space over denominator moles end fraction equals fraction numerator 0.079 over denominator 0.0033 end fraction equals23.93 dm3 

mass-volume-graph-with-reading



  • 1. Physical Chemistry
    • 1.1 Atomic Structure
      • 1.1.1 Structure of the Atom
        • 1.1.2 Isotopes
          • 1.1.3 Relative Mass
            • 1.1.4 Mass Spectrometry
            • 1.2 Ions & Electrons
              • 1.2.1 Ionisation Energy
                • 1.2.2 Quantum Shells
                  • 1.2.3 Orbitals
                    • 1.2.4 Electronic Configurations
                    • 1.3 The Periodic Table
                      • 1.3.1 Periodicity
                      • 1.4 Bonding
                        • 1.4.1 Ionic Bonding Overview
                          • 1.4.2 Representing Ionic Bonding
                            • 1.4.3 Ionic Trends
                              • 1.4.4 Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds
                                • 1.4.5 Covalent Bonding Overview
                                  • 1.4.6 Covalent Dot-and-Cross Diagrams
                                    • 1.4.7 Bond Length & Bond Strength
                                      • 1.4.8 Shapes of Covalent Compounds
                                      • 1.5 Structure
                                        • 1.5.1 Electronegativity
                                          • 1.5.2 Intermolecular Forces
                                            • 1.5.3 Hydrogen Bonding
                                              • 1.5.4 Intermolecular Forces & Physical Properties
                                                • 1.5.5 Metallic Bonding
                                                  • 1.5.6 Giant Lattices
                                                    • 1.5.7 Covalent Structures
                                                      • 1.5.8 Predicting Structures
                                                      • 1.6 Formulae, Equations & Avogadro
                                                        • 1.6.1 Empirical & Molecular Formulae
                                                          • 1.6.2 Balanced Equations
                                                            • 1.6.3 Applying Equations
                                                              • 1.6.4 The Mole & the Avogadro Constant
                                                                • 1.6.5 Amount of Substance Calculations
                                                                • 1.7 Reaction Calculations
                                                                  • 1.7.1 Reacting Volume Calculations
                                                                    • 1.7.2 Titrations
                                                                      • 1.7.3 Error & Uncertainty
                                                                        • 1.7.4 Yield & Atom Economy
                                                                        • 1.8 Energetics I
                                                                          • 1.8.1 Enthalpy Changes
                                                                            • 1.8.2 Enthalpy Level Diagrams
                                                                              • 1.8.3 Calorimetry
                                                                                • 1.8.4 Hess Cycles
                                                                                  • 1.8.5 Bond Enthalpy
                                                                                  • 1.9 Kinetics I
                                                                                    • 1.9.1 Collision Theory & Rates
                                                                                      • 1.9.2 Calculating Rates of Reaction
                                                                                        • 1.9.3 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions
                                                                                          • 1.9.4 Catalysts in Industry
                                                                                          • 1.10 Equilibrium I
                                                                                            • 1.10.1 Dynamic Equilibrium
                                                                                              • 1.10.2 Le Chatelier's Principle
                                                                                                • 1.10.3 The Rate & Yield Compromise
                                                                                                  • 1.10.4 Deducing Kc Expressions
                                                                                                • 2. Inorganic Chemistry
                                                                                                  • 2.1 Redox I
                                                                                                    • 2.1.1 Oxidation Number
                                                                                                      • 2.1.2 Types of Reduction & Oxidation
                                                                                                        • 2.1.3 Redox & Disproportionation
                                                                                                          • 2.1.4 Ionic Equations
                                                                                                          • 2.2 Groups 1 & 2
                                                                                                            • 2.2.1 Explaining Group 2 Trends
                                                                                                              • 2.2.2 Reactions of Group 2
                                                                                                                • 2.2.3 Group 2 Hydroxides & Sulfates
                                                                                                                  • 2.2.4 Group 2 Carbonates & Nitrates
                                                                                                                    • 2.2.5 Flame Tests
                                                                                                                    • 2.3 Group 7
                                                                                                                      • 2.3.1 Group 7 Trends
                                                                                                                        • 2.3.2 Halogen Displacement Reactions
                                                                                                                          • 2.3.3 Halogen Redox Reactions
                                                                                                                            • 2.3.4 Halide Ion Reactions
                                                                                                                          • 3. Organic Chemistry
                                                                                                                            • 3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
                                                                                                                              • 3.1.1 Formulae of Organic Compounds
                                                                                                                                • 3.1.2 Homologous Series & Functional Groups
                                                                                                                                  • 3.1.3 Nomenclature & Classification
                                                                                                                                    • 3.1.4 Structural Isomerism
                                                                                                                                      • 3.1.5 Stereoisomerism
                                                                                                                                      • 3.2 Alkanes
                                                                                                                                        • 3.2.1 Describing Alkanes
                                                                                                                                          • 3.2.2 Alkane Fuels
                                                                                                                                            • 3.2.3 Pollution from Combustion
                                                                                                                                              • 3.2.4 Reducing Pollution
                                                                                                                                                • 3.2.5 Free Radicals
                                                                                                                                                • 3.3 Alkenes
                                                                                                                                                  • 3.3.1 Describing Alkenes
                                                                                                                                                    • 3.3.2 Bonding in Alkenes
                                                                                                                                                      • 3.3.3 Electrophilic Addition
                                                                                                                                                        • 3.3.4 Electrophilic Addition Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                          • 3.3.5 Saturation Test
                                                                                                                                                            • 3.3.6 Addition Polymerisation
                                                                                                                                                              • 3.3.7 Waste Polymers
                                                                                                                                                              • 3.4 Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                • 3.4.1 Classifying Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.4.2 Nucleophilic Substitution
                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.4.3 Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.4.4 Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.4.5 Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.5 Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                          • 3.5.1 Classifying Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                            • 3.5.2 Reactions of Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.5.3 Organic Liquid Preparation & Purification
                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.6 Modern Analytical Techniques I
                                                                                                                                                                                • 3.6.1 Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.6.2 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                • 4. Core Chemistry Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.1 Physical Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.1.1 Molar Volume of a Gas
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.1.2 Standard Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1.3 Determining Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.1.4 Determining Enthalpy Change of Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.2 Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.2.1 Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.2.2 Ethanol Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.2.3 Chlorination of 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.2.4 Qualitative Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5. Advanced Physical Chemistry (A Level Only)
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.1 Equilibrium II
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.1.1 Deducing Kp Expressions
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.1.2 Equilbrium Constant Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.1.3 Reaction Conditions & The Equilibrium Constant
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.2 Acid-base Equilibria
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.2.1 Brønsted–Lowry Acids & Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.2.2 pH
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.2.3 Acid Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.2.4 Ionic Product of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.2.5 Measuring and Comparing pH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.2.6 Titration Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.2.7 Buffers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.2.8 Weak Acid - Strong Base Titration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.3 Energetics II: Born-Haber
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.3.1 Lattice Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.3.2 Born-Haber Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.3.3 Polarising Power
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.3.4 Enthalpy of Solution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.4 Energetics II: Entropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.4.1 Introducing Entropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.4.2 Entropy Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.4.3 Gibbs Free Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.4.4 Feasible Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.5 Kinetics II
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.5.1 Rates of Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.5.2 Rate Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.5.3 Rates - Experimental Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.5.4 Initial Rates Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.5.5 Continuous Monitoring Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.5.6 Reaction Order Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.5.7 Rate-Determining Steps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.5.8 Rates & Reaction Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.5.9 Arrhenius & Activation Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (A Level Only)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.1 Redox II
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.1.1 Reduction & Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.1.2 Standard Electrode Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.1.3 Measuring Standard Electrode Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.1.4 Conventional Cell Representation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.1.5 Thermodynamics & Electrode Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.1.6 Disproportionation & Electrode Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.1.7 Storage Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.1.8 Fuel Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.1.9 Redox Titration Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.2 Principles of Transition Metal Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.2.1 Transition Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.2.2 Transition Metal Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.2.3 Coloured Ions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.2.4 Ligands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.2.5 Octahedral Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.2.6 Tetrahedral Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.2.7 Cis-platin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.2.8 Haemoglobin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.2.9 Catalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.2.10 Heterogeneous Catalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.2.11 Homogeneous Catalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.2.12 Autocatalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.3 Reactions of Transition Metal Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.3.1 Vanadium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.3.2 Chromium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.3.3 Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.3.4 Ligand Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7. Advanced Organic Chemistry (A Level Only)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.1 Organic Chemistry II: Chirality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.1.1 Chirality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.2 Organic Chemistry II: Carbonyl Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.2.1 Carbonyl Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.2.2 Testing for Carbonyls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.3 Organic Chemistry II: Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.3.1 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.3.2 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.3.3 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.3.4 Acyl Chlorides & Esters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.4 Organic Chemistry III: Aromatic Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.4.1 Benzene Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.4.2 Reactions of Benzene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.4.3 Electrophilic Substitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.4.4 Phenol
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.5 Organic Chemistry III: Nitrogen Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.5.1 Amines, Amides, Amino Acids & Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.5.2 Primary Aliphatic Amines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.5.3 Amine Basicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.5.4 Aromatic Amine Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.5.5 Amide Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.5.6 Condensation Polymerisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.5.7 Amino Acids & Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.6 Organic Chemistry III: Organic Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.6.1 Deducing Organic Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.6.2 Planning Reaction Schemes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.6.3 Increasing Chain Length
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.6.4 Organic Techniques - Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.6.5 Organic Techniques - Purification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.6.6 Organic Techniques - Purity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.7 Modern Analytical Techniques II
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.7.1 Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.7.2 Carbon-13 NMR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.7.3 Proton NMR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.7.4 Thin-Layer Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.7.5 Other Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8. Advanced Core Practicals (A Level Only)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.1 Advanced Physical Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.1.1 Finding Ka Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 8.1.2 Electrochemical Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 8.1.3 Rates of Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.1.4 Activation Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.2 Advanced Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 8.2.1 Redox Titration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.2.2 Transition Metal Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.2.3 A-Level Qualitative Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.2.4 Aspirin Preparation


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Author: Richard

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Richard has taught Chemistry for over 15 years as well as working as a science tutor, examiner, content creator and author. He wasn’t the greatest at exams and only discovered how to revise in his final year at university. That knowledge made him want to help students learn how to revise, challenge them to think about what they actually know and hopefully succeed; so here he is, happily, at SME.


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